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Surge Calculations
Surge Calculations
What is a Surge
L L1 L2 Ln Ln
.....
a1 a1 a2 an
a
n
Branching Pipelines
P1(2a1a2 A1)
P3
(a2a3 A1 a1a3 A2 a1a2 A3)
Effects From Air Movement
10000
H oop Stress (psi)
1000
1000 10000 100000 540000 10000000 100000000
Cycles to Failure
Example
• Compute the head increase due to instantaneous stoppage of
water initially flowing at 5.0 fps in an 10 inch, 80 psi, PIP
pieline, a = 860
• If the static head at the point of stoppage is 55.0 psi, what is the
total pressure acting on the pipe at the moment of stoppage?
• What is the hoop stress developed at the moment of stoppage?
Hs=P*D/2*t
• If this Hoop stress will occur twice each day, and at each
occurrence there are 8 stress cycles of this approximate
magnitude, and if the irrigation season is 90 days long, how
many years can this pipe be expected to last before failure due
to stress cycles?
Summary
• Actual surge analysis is generally much more
complicated than the simple example.
• The most practical method of solutions is to
understand the available protection hardware
and to install that equipment at enough
locations and with reasonable settings.
• A fact of life which makes this approach
almost necessary is that irrigation systems tend
to be added to or changed with time until they
may only vaguely resemble the original design.