LOGIC

PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC

IS LOGIC UNDER PHILOSOPHY? YES, LOGIC FALLS UNDER PHILOSOPHY BUT

THERE IS A DIFFERENCE ON THE NATURE OF STUDIES BETWEEN LOGIC AND
OTHER BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY LOGIC DEALS PRIMARILY WITH
ARGUMENTS WHILE OTHER BRANCHES DEALS WITH QUESTIONS.
 DEFINITION OF LOGIC

DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD “LOGOS”

WHICH MEANS - STUDY, REASON OR DISCOURSE
LOGIC IS THE SCIENCE AND ART OF
CORRECT THINKING
IT IS A SCIENCE BECAUSE IT IS A
SYSTEMATIZED BODY OF LOGICAL TRUTHS
AND PRINCIPLES GOVERNING CORRECT
THINKING
AS AN ART, LOGIC IS A “TECHNE” AND IT
TEACHES HOW TO MAKE A GOOD ARGUMENT.
OFTEN CALLED THE ARTS OF ARTS BECAUSE
IT DEVELOPS AND PERFECTS THE INTELLECT
WHICH ALL ARTISTS NEED IN THEIR WORK
IT IS “CORRECT” WHEN IT CONFORMS
TO A PATTERN OR TO RULES
FORMAL LOGIC
-concerned with the aspect of form
which has something to do with the
correctness or sequence or the
following of rules
Ex. All men are mortal
but Pedro is a man
therefore Pedro is mortal
MATERIAL LOGIC
-concerned with the aspect of subject
matter or content or truth of the
argument
Example: A ruler is 12-inch long.
Pres. GMA is a ruler.
Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-
inch long.
INFORMAL LOGIC
-is the mode used in everyday reasoning and argument
analysis. Informal logic consists of two types of
reasoning: deductive and inductive.
Deductive Reasoning
One type of logical reasoning is deductive. Deductive
reasoning uses information from a large set and applies
that information to any member of that set.
For example:
All English professors are boring. (major evidence or
premise)
Lauren is an English professor. (minor evidence or
premise)
Therefore, Lauren is boring. (conclusion)
Inductive Reasoning
Another type of logical reasoning is
inductive. Inductive reasoning uses specific
data to form a larger, generalized conclusion. It
is considered the opposite of deductive
reasoning.
For example:
Yesterday, you left for work at 7:15 a.m. and
arrived at work on time.
Today, you left for work at 7:15 a.m. and arrived
at work on time.
Therefore, if you leave at 7:15 a.m., you will
always arrive at work on time.
LANGUAGE
Nature of Language
Natural Language- an ordinary that is
spoken by a group of individuals as
their native tongue.
Artificial Language- is a machine
language used to code letters,
numbers, instructions, and storage
locations.
Basic Functions of Language
Descriptive (information)
Expressive (emotions)
Directive (command)
CONCEPTS
THE REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT BY THE
INTELLECT THROUGH WHICH MAN
UNDERSTANDS OR COMPREHENDS A THING
IT IS AN “IDEA”- STARTS WITH AN OUTSIDE
REALITY AND APPREHENDED BY THE SENSES
TERMS
When a group of words is used to express a concept.
Terms According to Quantity
Singular term applies one definite individual ex. Chief Justice Hilario Davide,
Jr.
Particular term applies to some portion of class ex. Some teachers, most
graduates, few students, many sections
Universal term applies to all the members of a class ex. All animals, no
animal
Terms According to Quality
Univocal- it carries exactly the same meaning even if it is predicated of two
or more individuals ex. Tree
Equivocal- when it changes the meaning when it is predicated of different
individuals ex. Star
 SEATWORK
Give the quantity of each underlined term as either singular, particular,
or universal.
1. Few of the Superferry 14’s passengers were delegates to the National
Press Conference.
2. Philippine presidents are natural- born citizens.
3. Christians are believers of God.
4. Mosques are worship centers for Muslims.
5. Two of the American Presidents have visited the Philippines.
Give the quality of each underlined term as either univocal or
equivocal.
6. The mouse enters into the piano. He uses a mouse to highlight a word.
7. The Bible is a revelation. Qu’ran is also a revelation.
8. A book is an educational material. There are many pages of a book.
9. Cotton is light. Jesus Christ is the light of the world.
10. Magellan kills Lapu- lapu. Lapu-lapu is a fish.
 DEFINITION
It is not a sentence but it’s a set of words that explain a term.
Denotative Method defines a term by identifying the extensions or
objects the definiendum signifies.
Definition by description- list of different material descriptions being
ascribed. Ex. The term house can be defined as building with a
receiving parlor, a bedroom, a dining hall
Definition by Example/Enumeration- simply points out examples
associated with the word defined. Ex. The term school can be
defined as UST, MSU-IIT, SPC
Definition by Ostension or Demonstration- method consist of
presenting, pointing or demonstrating a concrete object which the
term implies. Ex. This is a table while pointing at a table.
Connotative Method defines a term by identifying the
intensions or qualities the definiendum implies.
Definition by Synonyms- another word with a similar meaning is used
in place of the word being defined. Ex. Pope John Paul II is the
vicar of Christ.
Definition by Analysis- is also known Aristotelian method of defining
by genus and specific difference. Ex. Man is a rational animal.
1.A tree consist of trunk, branches,
roots and leaves.
2. A province means Cebu, CDO, Iligan.
3.Per diem mean per day.
4.An automobile means Toyota, Revo,
Honda Civic.
5.Justice is a cardinal virtue which
inclines the will to render each
person what is his due.
6.End means purpose.
7.A rectangle is a polygon with four
sides
8.Heroes are persons who died for