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X – PARAMETERS

TOPIC PRESENTATION – CIRCUITS AT HIGH FREQUENCIES

LJUBLJANA, JANUARY 2020 ROK ŠALAMUN
 NECESSARY OR NOT?! 2

 First introduced to public in 2009 by Agilent/Keysight

 Generalization of S - parameters
 Based on harmonic analysis of nonlinear components

 Vitally important when even the linearisation around the Q-point

of the analysed system freezes/doesn’t give sufficient data

 Small-signal analysis  LARGE-SIGNAL ANALYSIS

ALREADY HAVIN’ S, SS, .... WHAT 3
ELSE?!
 SERIES OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS IN OUR SYSTEM
 Can the characteristics be simply summed/multiplied together?!

 Stationarity of the system

 Neglecting higher harmonics, intermodals; how far?!

 RF:  = 0;
 BASIC PRINCIPLE 4

„When thinking X-parameters, think

S-Parameters plus Nonlinearities“

 bij = Xij(F) (|a11|) Pj + ∑k,l ≠ (1,1)(Xij,kl(S) (|

a11|) Pj-l ∙ akl + Xij,kl(T) (|a11|) P j+l ∙ akl*)
 i – output index, j – index of output frequency, k–
input index, l – index of input frequency
√(Watt)
bi = ∑k (Sik ∙ ak)
 3 COMPONENTS OF X- 5

PARAMETERS
 Xij(F)
– harmonic spectrum at fully tuned joint
between input and output at all frequencies
1. row of S-param
 Xij,kl(S)
– crosswise dependant component at
untuned input and output ports – effect at different
frequencis ..... CROSSTALK
2. row of S-param
 Xij,kl(T)
– phase dependance with output untuned at
base frequency (+ both ports at upper harmonics)
STEPS OF X – PARAM ANALYSIS 6
 IDEALLY: input with no higher harmonics
 1. Excitation of “main” input (harmonic analysis)
 Xij(F)
 2. Adding of (so-called) extraction signal to output1
 3. Shifting of ext. Signal for 90° Xij(S) &
Xij(T)
 +analysis of other harmonics (if necessary)

 4. Extraction signal to output2

 5. Shifting of ext. Signal for 90°

 ...
CHARACTERISTICS OF X-ANALYSIS 7

 Y- or Z-parameters cannot be easily synthesised out of

it; the same considering adding/subtracting separate
subcircuits/parasites

 Impossible to use superpositions/extrapolation – system

as such is a complete black box

 About 100 – 1000 x more data to be saved, compared

to S- or harmonic analysis
 LIMITATIONS; WHERE TO? 8

 Special Nonlinear vector network analysers

needed
 BW of devices used; limitations expressed on
higher harmonics, not on base frequency!

 How to model heating of elements, charge

distributions, ... ?!
 Using X-parameters for transient analysis?!