Digital Pre Distortion

Non linearity in Analog Devices

For zener diode with UZ > 6V, the temperature coefficient is positive.

Positive temperature coefficient can be compensated by connecting a zener diode in series with forward
based pn junction diode. A forward biased pn diode has negative temperature coefficient and its forward voltage
decreases -2 mV/oC.
This way a total temperature coefficient of less than 0.001% / oC can be obtained. This way the zener voltage will
 Non linearity in Analog Circuits

resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are sensors used to measure temperature.higher accuracy and repeatability

The material has an accurate resistance/temperature relationship which is used to provide an indication of
temperature
 Non linearity Analysis
• Linear Circuit Analysis
A
A
•

S1 cos w1 t
• Non Linear Circuit Analysis: HD(When input is single sine)
•

A
A
•

S1 cos w1 t
•
 Intermodulation products can be
problematic
• Intermodulation: When the input is of the form

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels#/media/File:Non
OverlappingChannels2.4GHzWLAN-en.svg
•

• Cross Modulation ?
 Visualise Non linearity in Pin vs Pout
•

• Gain compression : P1dB ( )

• HD2 = 1/2 (a2/a1) s1

• HD3 = 1/4 ( a3/a1) s1 ^2

Memoryless Non Linear Systems - Taylors
series
-

memoryless non-linear amplifiers ie neglect energy storage elements.

Differential Stage Active Device :

Ic1 = Iee ( 0.5 + ( s1/4 Vt ) cos w1 Envelope

t - (s1^3/48Vt^3) cos^3Approaches
Domain Power Series t + ……..)
We have only odd harmonics.

Emitter Degeneration :
Vbe = (Vbias + Vin) - Re ic
S(error) = S(input) - (feedback factor).S(output)

Envelope Domain Power Series Approaches

Typically used to fit the data and then compute LUT
 Mitigate Non linearity in PA

Back Off :
PA power dwarfs the power consumption
Precalibrate ??
CDMA and OFDM. The envelope of the signals in these systems are not constant,
The PAR is a strong function of the type of modulation. Systems with the highest PAR are OFDM systems
employing multiple carriers.
The traditional way to characterise narrowband system linearity is with IM3.

Meeting EIRP
• In mmWave 5G systems, antenna
array, huge no of PAs

• Wide BW channels 100-

400MHz,calls for memory
models.

• High EIRP systems at 28G Hz.

• AWMF -0129 : 40 dBm,

Qualcomm : 50 dBm

• In contrast in 4G,WiFi , the

EIRPs were :
DPD using Anokiwave AWMF -0129 (Slide source:
Eric Ng, Anokiwave)
 Memory Non Linear
Systems
RF power amplifiers include circuit elements, such as capacitors and inductors, whose impedances
vary with frequency. This variation introduces memory into the system,

This describes a system that depends not only on the input x(t) and all past values of the input x(t − τ ),
but also on powers of x(t − τ ) where we take products between past values at different times.
DPD using Anokiwave AWMF -0129 (Slide source:
Eric Ng, Anokiwave)
Setup for DPD using Anokiwave AWMF -0129
(Slide source: Eric Ng, Anokiwave)
 Machine Learning -
Account for Precoder,
Channel, PA array,
operating modes
DPD using Anokiwave AWM
(Slide source: Eric Ng, Ano
 References
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•
https://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/rodwell/Classes/ece218c/notes/Lecture15_Digital%20Predistortion_an
d_Future%20Challenges.pdf
•
Slides from Anokiwave
http://rfic.eecs.berkeley.edu/ee242/pdf/Module_4_2_Volterra.pdf
•

http://rfic.eecs.berkeley.edu/burcin/webpage/thesis_baytekin.pdf
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