PSYCHOLOGY

Abhishek
Definition
Psychology has brief history as an scientific discipline though
it has been studied since ancient time under the faculty of
philosophy. The word psychology was derived from Greek
word 'psyche' and 'logos' literal meaning of which was 'soul'
and 'study' respectively.
Psychology is the science of behaviour and mental
processes.
• Mental processes: what the brain does when we think,
remember, feel, etc.
• Behaviour: outwardly observable acts of an individual,
alone, or in a group.
 Historical Background of Psychology
“Psychology has a long past, but its real history is short”. -
Ebbinghaus (1908)
Socrates (469-399 BC) & Plato (428-348 BC):
Socrates and his student Plato believed that the mind was
separate from the body, that it continued to exist after death,
and that ideas were innate.
Aristotle (384-322 BC):
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the
body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626):
Bacon was one of the founders of modern science, especially
the experimental method.
John Locke (1632-1704):
Locke held that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank sheet at
birth and experience writes on it.
In India:
Pre-scientific Psychology In India, the Buddha pondered how
sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.
Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient
thought of India, influenced by Hinduism. Yoga is a range of
techniques used in pursuit of this goal.
School of
Psychology
He was a German scientist his famous
book ‘Principles of Physiological
Psychology’. Wundt viewed psychology
Wilhelm Wun as a scientific study of conscious
STRUCTURAL
dt (1832– experience, and he believed that the
ISM
1920) goal of psychology was to identify
components of consciousness and how
those components combined to result
in our conscious experience.
He was the first American psychologist
who espoused a different perspective
on how psychology should operate.
Functionalism focused on how mental
William Jame activities helped an organism fit into
FUNCTIONALI
s  (1842– its environment. Functionalism has a
SM
1910) second, more subtle meaning in that
functionalists were more interested in
the operation of the whole mind rather
than of its individual parts, which were
the focus of structuralism.
  Freud theorized that many of his
patients’ problems arose from the
unconscious mind.
Freud  According to Freud, the unconscious
PSYCHODYNA mind could be accessed through
MISM (1856– dream analysis, by examinations of
1939) the first words that came to
people’s minds, and through
seemingly innocent slips of the
tongue.
Max
Wertheimer
The word Gestalt roughly translates to
(1880–
‘whole’ a major emphasis of Gestalt
1943), Kurt
psychology deals with the fact that
Koffka
although a sensory experience can be
GESTALT (1886–
broken down into individual parts, how
1941), and
those parts relate to each other as a
Wolfgang
whole is often what the individual
Kohler
responds to in perception.
(1887–
1967)
  Chomsky an American linguist, was
dissatisfied with the influence that
behaviourism had had on
Noam psychology.
COGNITIVE
Chomsky  Psychologists began to cooperate
REVOLUTION
(1928-) with scientists in other fields, like
anthropology, linguistics, computer
science, and neuroscience, among
others
 Maslow asserted that so long as
basic needs necessary for survival
Abraham M were met (e.g., food, water,
aslow (190 shelter), higher-level needs (e.g.,
8–1970) social needs) would begin to
HUMANISM
Carl Rogers motivate behaviour. 
  (1902–  According to Maslow, the highest-
1987) level needs relate to self-
actualization, a process by which
we achieve our full potential. 
  Social psychology is
the scientific study of how
people's thoughts, feelings,
and behaviours are influenced by
SOCIAL -
the actual, imagined or implied
CULTURAL
presence of others.
 They study conditions under which
certain behavior, actions, and
feelings occur.
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