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Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
B. Shape of cells:
Squamous: Flat cells.
Example:
Simple squamous epithelium
liquid, or gelatinous.
Diverse functions. Mainly bind, support, and
C. Blood F. Bone
3. Muscle Tissue
Most abundant type of tissue in most animals.
Accounts for two-thirds (2/3) of human weight.
Specialized for contraction. Made up of long cells
neurons.
Organs are made up of different tissues
ontractions.
Organ: Several tissues that act as a unit
and together perform one or more
biological functions.
Perform functions that component tissues can’t
carry out alone.
Example: The heart is an organ made up of:
• Muscle Tissue: Contraction
• Epithelial Tissue: Lines heart chambers to prevent
leakage and provide a smooth surface.
• Connective Tissue: Makes heart elastic and
strengthens its walls and valves.
• Nervous Tissue: Direct heart contractions.
Organs are Made of Several Different Tissues
Major Organ Systems in Mammals
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular
Excretory system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Nervous system
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Integumentary
Organ systems must be coordinated for
animal to survive
Organ systems interact with one another in
order to maintain fairly stable conditions
(homeostasis) that are required for life.
Example: Interactions between:
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• Digestive
Animals Regulate their Internal
Environment
Homeostasis: “Steady state”.
Internal environment of animal remains fairly
constant despite changes in the external
environment.
Control systems maintain internal conditions
within a range in which life’s metabolic
activities can occur.
Homeostasis is a dynamic state resulting from
changes in the outside environment and
internal control mechanisms that oppose such
changes.
Animals Regulate their Internal
Environment
Homeostasis:
Maintained by negative feedback mechanisms.
A change in one condition (e.g.: low body
temperature), results is a response that
counteracts that change (e.g.: shivering, etc.).
Internal conditions regulated by negative
feedback:
• Body temperature (Normal range: 97 - 100oF)
• Salt concentration
• pH
• Blood levels of sugar, calcium, oxygen, etc.
Major Organ Systems in Mammals
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular
Excretory system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Nervous system
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Integumentary
Organ systems must be coordinated for
animal to survive
Organ systems interact with one another in
order to maintain fairly stable conditions
(homeostasis) that are required for life.
Example: Interactions between:
• Respiratory
• Circulatory
• Digestive