READING AND

WRITING
 TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
• Written text acquires the characteristics of connected discourse
when:
1. Its ideas are linked logically.
2. There is a logical organization and development of the theme.
3. There is use of repetition, reference, conjunctions, connectives and
other transitional devices.
• It uses cohesive devices, connectives, conjunctions, and repetitions.
• In considering the logical organization of a discourse, consider its
central theme.
• A text is generally considered as written material,
especially longer pieces of writing as in a book, a
letter or a newspaper.
• The text’s topic is situationally and culturally
appropriate.
• On the other hand, discourse is generally regarded as
spoken.
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Brainstorming
• An informal way of generating topics to write about or points to
make about your topic.
1. Idea list
- simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic.
2. Idea map
- also called webbing or clustering
3. Cubing
- an idea is examined from six distinct viewpoints.
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Graphic Organizers
• .A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge map, concept map,
story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept
diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to express
knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationships
between them.
• are visual representations of concepts that help us structure
information into organizational patterns
A. Clock Diagram - is a variation of a pie chart that can be used for
diagramming the use of hours in a day.
B. Venn Diagram - they are most often shown as two circles that
intersect in the middle of the page.
C. Y-Chart - is a three-part graphic organizer that is used for describing
three aspects of a topic.
D. Cycle Diagram - is used to show how a series of events interacts
repeatedly through a cycle.
E. Chain Diagram - also called sequence of events diagrams
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Outlining
• Topic Outline - a systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics
in the form of words or simple phrases as headers
• Sentence Outline - uses complete sentences as its entries
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
I. Narration – describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence
actually happened
II. Description - goes into details about a specific object, person, or location,
in order to firmly set its appearance
III. Definition – explains not just what something means or is, but also what
something does, what something is used for, what something looks like
IV. Classification and Exemplification
Classification - divides things into groups, classes, or categories
Exemplification - provides examples and illustrations in order to further
clarify or explain the concept or subject matter
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
V. Comparison and Contrast - organizes ideas based on how events,
places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one
another
VI. Cause and Effect - explains why something happens or what results a
particular event produces
VII. Problem-Solution - focuses on either a problem or solution in a
particular area or situation
VIII. Persuasion - convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim
about a particular topic.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-
WRITTEN TEXT
Organization
- is the structural framework for writing.
- it provides readers with a framework to help them fulfil their
expectations for the text.

• Events in time order uses words like before, one, then, finally and
after (etc.) to indicate sequence.
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-
WRITTEN TEXT
•Mechanics - refers to the conventions of writing which includes
capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms
and contractions
 Mechanics of Effective Writing
Commas
A. Use a comma to separate items in a series.
B. Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.
C. Use a comma to separate two complete sentences joined by a conjunction
D. Before you use a comma in front of a conjunction, be sure that the conjunction
joins two sentences, not two other compound parts, such as two verbs.
E. Set off introductory elements (words that introduce a sentence) with a comma.
F. Set off interrupters with commas. Interrupters, obviously, interrupt a sentence
to create emphasis.
G. Another interrupter comes in the form of words of direct address, words used
to speak directly to someone.
H. A final kind of interrupter is the parenthetical expression.
I. Use commas to set off dates and states.
Capitalization Guidelines
1. Capitalize proper nouns.
2. Capitalize proper adjectives.
3. Capitalize the pronoun I and the interjection O.
4. Capitalize words that show family relationship when they are used
instead or as part of a name.
5. Capitalize nicknames and other identifying names.
6. Capitalize professional titles when they come immediately before a
personal name.
7. Capitalize academic titles and their abbreviations when they follow
a personal name.
8. Capitalize personified nouns.
9. Capitalize brand names.
10. Capitalize specific political and geographical locations
11. Capitalize the names of all nationalities, races, and tribes.
12. Capitalize direction words used to show a specific place.
13. Capitalize the names of specific geographic features and
the common nouns that are part of the proper names.
14. Capitalize the names of buildings, monuments, streets,
bridges, parks, and other specific locations, and the common
nouns that are part of the proper names.
15. Capitalize the names of organizations, businesses, and
institutions.
16. Capitalize the names of political parties and religious
denominations and their members.
17. Capitalize the names of sacred writings and of specific creeds,
confessions of faith, and prayers.
18. Capitalize nouns and pronouns that refer to a specific Supreme
Being.
19. Capitalize specific cultural and historical events, wars, treaties, laws,
and documents.
20. Capitalize the names of historical and cultural periods.
21. Capitalize the names of specific branches, departments, and other
divisions of government.
22. Capitalize the names of specific awards and prizes.
23. Capitalize the names of specific trains, planes, ships, satellites, and submarines.
24. Capitalize the names of stars, constellations, planets and other astronomical
designations.
25. Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.
26. Capitalize the first word of a sentence or a word or phrase that has the force of
a sentence.
27. Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation.
28. Capitalize the first word of a complete statement following a colon (:).
29. Capitalize the first word in a letter’s greeting or close.
30. In titles of works of art, books, magazines, newspapers, poems, songs, plays,
articles, television shows, reports, and other writing, capitalize the first and last
words and all other words except articles, coordinate conjunctions, and
prepositions.
31. Capitalize the parts of a book when reference is made from one part to another
of the same book.