Glycosides

Lec-6
Md. Zahidul Islam Zahid
Lecturer
NSU
Glycosides
 Organic natural compounds present in a lot of
plants and some animals, these compounds
upon hydrolysis give one or more sugars
(glycone) β_form and non sugar (aglycone)
 Glycosides are the compounds formed by the
ether linkage or an oxygen bridge between a
sugar and a non-sugar compounds.
• Glycoside is composed of two parts:-
 a. Sugar part known as glycine.
The most frequently occurring sugar is β-D-glucose,
although rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose and other
sugars are the components of glycosides.
 b. Non-sugar part known as aglycone.
It is the active part of glycoside.
Sugar helps in the solubilization of non-sugar, for
increasing the bioavailability of the drug.
Glycosides…
Glycosides…
 • Solubility:
glycosides are water soluble compounds and
insoluble in the organic solvents.
Glycone part: water soluble, insoluble in the
organic solvents.
Aglycone part: water insoluble, soluble in the
organic solvents.
Some glycosides soluble in alcohol.
Physico-chemical properties of
glycosides

1. Colorless, solid, amorphous, non-vollatile compounds

(Flavonoid-yellow,
anthraquinone-red or orange)
2. They give positive reaction with Molisch’s and
Fehlings solution test
(after hydrolysis).
3. They are water soluble compounds but insoluble in
less polar organic
solvents.
4. Most of them have bitter taste (exception: populin,
glycyrrhizin,
stevioside-which are sweet)
Physico-chemical properties of
glycosides
5. Glycosides are odorless except saponin.
6. Glycosides are generally hydrolyzed by boiling
mineral acids or by using
enzymes such as
a) Emulsin Bitter almond, kernel seeds
b) Myrosin or Myrosinase black mustard seed
c) Rhamnase glycoside containing rhamnose as sugar
part
7. Glycosides are optically levorotatory
Classification of Glycosides

 A. On the basis of sugar moiety.

Such as-Glucoside, rhamnoside,
digitoxoside, xyloside, arabinoside etc.
Limitation

1. It is unable to comprise all the glycosides,

only a few sugars are known
2. Gives no information about the biological
activity of the glycoside
3. One can’t be concerned about the chemistry
of aglycone molecules here
 B. On the basis of therapeutic activity.
 Such as-
-Cardiac glycoside, eg. Digitalis,
strophanthus etc
-Laxative glycosides, eg. Aloe, senna,
cascara sagrada
Limitation

 1. Biologically inactive glycosides are out of

consideration
2. Ignores many chemically important &
unique
glycosides
 C. On the basis of linkage of sugar
molecule with
the aglycone
i. O-glycosides: Here the sugar is combined
with the alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl group
of the aglycone.
 ii. N-glycosides: In this
glycosides the nitrogen or
amino group (-NH2/-NH-) is
condensed with sugar. Eg.
Neucleosides, Co-enzymes
etc.
 iii. S-glycosides: These glycosides contain a
sugar moiety attached to a sulphur of the
aglycone.
Eg. Isothiocyanate glycosides.
 iv. C-glycosides: Condensation of a sugar
directly to a carbon atom of aglycone gives C-
glycoside.
Eg. Cascarosides, aloin etc.
Limitation

1. Biological activities are ignored here.

2. Number of aglycones are ignored.
3. Linkage of sugar molecules with
aglycones never indicate the
pharmaceutical activities of the
glycosides.
 D. On the basis of the chemical nature of aglycone the
glycosides can be classified into the following groups:
 i. Cardioactive/Steroidal: eg. Digitalis, squill,
strophanthus
D. On the basis of the chemical nature of aglycone the glycosides can be
classified into the following groups…

 ii. Anthraquinone: Eg. aloe, cascara sagrada,

rhubarb, senna, barbaloin
D. On the basis of the chemical nature of aglycone the
glycosides can be classified into the following groups…

 iii. Saponin
D. On the basis of the chemical nature of aglycone the
glycosides can be classified into the following groups…

 iv. Cyanophore: eg. Prunasin

v. Isothiocyanate
vi. Flavonol/Flavonoid:
D. On the basis of the chemical nature of aglycone the
glycosides can be classified into the following groups…

 vii. Alcohol
 viii. Aldehyde
 ix. Lactone
 x. Phenol
 xi. Tanin
Biosynthesis of Glycosides

• It involves the following two steps:

 1. Transfer of a uridylyl group from uridine
triphosphate (UTP) to a sugar-1-phosphate forming
UDP-sugar & inorganic pyrophosphate. Enzyme
catalyzing this reaction are referred to as uridylyl
transferases.
 2. Transfer of the sugar from UDP to a suitable
acceptor (aglycone), mediated by enzyme glycosyl
transferases, thus forming the glycoside.
Functions of glycosides:

 • In plant- glycosides play an important role in

the life of plant & are involved in its
1. Regulatory function
2. Protective function
3. Sanitary function
 • In animal- Because of their wide varieties of
chemical nature of glycosides, their pharmacological
actions are also widely distributed.
1. Cardioactive- Digitalis, squill, strophanthus
2. Laxative- emodin (From Senna, Aloe, Cascara
sagrada, Rhubarb)
3. Analgesic- Methyl salicylate (From wintergreen oil)
4. Local irritant- Allyl isothiocyanate (From sinigrin)
 • In pharmaceutical aid-
1. Flavouring agent- Vanillin, caumarin
2. Coloring agent- Saffran
3. Vehicle- Wild cherry
 • In synthesis of-
1. Steroidal diuretics
2. Sex hormones
3. Oral contraceptives
4. Corticosteroids
Cardiac Glycosides
 • These are steroidal glycosides and show highly specific and
powerful action on cardiac muscle. The sugar part is attached at
C-3 position of the steroid nucleus. The steroid aglycones are of
two
typesa) Cardenolides: They are C-23 steroids having an α,β
unsaturated five membered lactone ring attached at 17β
position. They are present in digitalis, strophanthus, coleander,
calotropis and
convallaria.
 b) Bufadienolides: They are C-24 steroids having double
unsaturated six membered lactone ring at the 17α position. The
name bufadienolide has been derived from the generic name of
toad, bufo, since the compound bufalin was isolated from the
skin of toads.
Chemistry of Cardiac Glycosides
(Structural requirement)

 • For maximum cardiac activity, the aglycone should possess an

α, β - unsaturated lactone ring attached at β-position of 17-
carbon of the steroid nucleus and A/B and C/D ring junction
should have the cis-configuration.
 • The sugar portion of the glycosides help in its absorption and
distribution in the body.
 • Oxygen substitution on the steroid nucleus
affects the metabolism and distribution of the
glycosides.
• The more the no. of hydroxyl group, the more
rapid action of the glycoside in the body.
• Cardiac glycosides increase the force of
systolic contraction and decrease the heart
rate.
How cardiac glycoside works

 Cardiac glycosides are therapeutically used

for their ability to increase the force of systolic
contraction.
An increase in contractility in the failing heart
results in a more complete emptying of the
ventricle and a shortening in the length of
systole.
Thus, the heart has more time to rest between
contractions.
 • As the myocardium recovers as a result of
increased cardiac output and circulation, the
heart rate is decreased through a reflex vagal
effect.
• In addition, the improved circulation tends to
improve renal secretion, which relieves the
edema often associated with heart failure.
Necessity of the sugar portion:

 • If the sugar portion is cleaved, yet aglycone

retains cardiac activity, however the sugar
portion (which increases the polarity) of the
glycoside is essential for its solubility
properties.
i.e- absorption & distribution in the body
increase in the potency & toxicity of aglycone.
 Digitalis
Source:
 Digitalis or foxglove is the dried leaf of Digitalis
purpurea (Fam. Scrophulariaceae). Its potency is such
that when assayed as directed 100 mg are equivalent
to not less than 1 USP digitalis unit (100 mg of USP
Digitalis reference standard). When digitalis is
prescribed, powdered digitalis is to be dispensed. The
leaves of other digitalis species D. dubia, D.
ferruginea, D. grandiflora, D. lanata, D. lutea, D.
mertonensis, D. nervosa, D. subalpina and D. thapsi
also show the presence of cardiac glycosides.
Digitalis Purpurea
D. Thapsi
 Powdered digitalis is dried at a
temperature not exceeding 60°C,
reduced to a fine or very fine powder
and adjusted if necessary, to confirm the
official potency by admixture with
sufficient lactose, starch, exhausted
marc of digitalis or with a powdered
digitalis that has either a lower or a
higher potency.
Description & Distribution
 The plant is a biennial herb probably
indigenous
to central & southern Europe & naturalized in
various parts of Europe and in the northern &
western United States & Canada.
Cultivation of Digitalis
 • In Germany, D. purpurea seeds which have been
developed through starin selection to yield plants with
maximum drug potency and with resistance to plant
diseases are sown in greenhouse in March. From the middle
of May until the beginning of June, the young plants are
planted outside in relatively small plots (1 to 10 acres)
• The areas of cultivation of Digitalis must be centered
around a commercial drying unit at a distance not more
than 30 Km.
• To ensure potency the leaves must be rapidly and gently
dried at 50 to 60°C as soon as the plants are harvested.
Cultivation of Digitalis…

 • This procedure must be followed as the leaf contains

hydrolytic enzymes which if not rapidly inactivated,
cleave the glycosidic linkage thereby giving rise to the
less active genins (any of various aglycones that occur especially in some plants and toad
venoms)

• Also excess heat may split off water from the

tertiary hydroxyl group position 14 of the steroid
nucleus thereby forming the inactive anhydro
compound.
Harvesting

 The annual crop is harvested from the middle

of September to the end of October.
Constituents
 • The Digitalis contains a large number of glycosides
of which the most important from medicinal view
point are digitoxin, gioxin and gitaloxin. The total
conc. of these 3 glycosides varies appreciably with the
plant source and the conditions of growth.
 • Also because all glycosides are derived from
hydrolysis of some of the sugars from the primary or
parent glycosides occurring in the leafs, their
concentration depend on the manner of treatment of
the plant material following harvesting.
 Constituents…
 • Careful experiments have revealed that the
secondary glycoside content in the leaf is about
10 to 20% of the primary glycoside
concentration.
 • Reported total concentrations of digitoxin,
gitoxin, gitaloxin range from 0.09 % in a poor
quality Spanish sample to 0.225% in a
superior Japanese leaf; the average
concentration approximates 0.16%.
Constituents…
 • Nearly 30 other glycosides have been
identified in the drug. The major ones, in terms
of concentration, include: purpurea glycoside
A, purpurea glycoside B, glucogitaloxin,
gluco-digitoxigenin-bis-digitoxiside,
glucoevatromonoside, gluco-gitoroside,
glucolanadoxin, digitalinum verum,
glucoverodoxin, stropeside and verodoxin.
 Assay
 Digitalis and its preparations must be assayed
biologically to ensure their potency; however,
because crystalline glycosides are definite
chemical
entities, they can be assayed chemically.
A number of test animals have been used in the
past: guniea pigs, frogs and cats. Animal now
employed in the assay procedure is the pigeon.
 Assay…

 Standardization is determined by
comparison of the effect of a known dilution
of the drug with that of a similar dilution of
the USP Digitalis Reference Standard.
Uses

 • Digitalis is used in-

1. Congestive heart failure
2. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
3. Atrial flutter
4. Atrial fibrillation
5. Edema
Strophanthus

 • Strophamthus is the dried ripe seed of

Strophanthus kombe Oliver, or of
Strophanthus hispiduc DeCandolle (Fam.
Apocynaceae)
• It is native to africa. The seeds of strophanthus
have long been used by native africans in the
preparation of arrow poison.
Strophanthus Kombe…
 Constituents
 • K-strophanthoside, also known as strophoside, is the
primary glycoside in both strophanthus species.
• It is composed of genin (Strophanthidin), coupled to a
trisacharide consisting of cymarose, β-glucose, α-
glucose.
• α-glucosidase removes the terminal α-glucose to yield
K-strophanthin-β and the enzyme strophanthobiase
(contained in the seed) converts this to cymarin plus
glucose.
• A mixture of these glycosides, existing in the seed in
concentrations up to 5 %, was formerly designated
strophanthin or K-strophanthin.
Chemical nature of Anthraquinone
Glycoside

 • Must have an anthracene nucleus

• Sugar attached to aglycone either via
oxygen
or C-C bond
Anthraquinone Derivatives
Free anthraquinone aglycones exhibit
little therapeutic activity

 • The sugar residue facilitates absorption and

translocation of the aglycone to the site of action.
• The anthraquinone and related glycosides are
stimulant cathartics and exert their action by
increasing the tone of smooth muscle in the wall
of the large intestine.
• Glycosides of anthranols and anthrones elicit a
more drastic action than do the corresponding
anthraquinone glycosides, and a preponderance
of the former constituents in the glycosidic
mixture can cause griping action.
Cascara sagrada

 • Cascara sagrada or rhamnus purshiana is the

dried bark of Rhamnus purshinus (Fam.: Rhamnaceae).

 • Condition of use: The bark should be aged for at

least 1 year prior to use in medicinal preparations.

 • Reduced forms of emodin type glycosides are

present in the fresh bark, during the minimum 1
year storage period, these glycosides are converted to the
monomeric oxidized glycosides, which exhibit a milder
cathertic activity.
Emodin Structure
Cascara sagrada…
Distribution
 • Cascara sagrada is a tree that attains a
height of 10 meters & indigenous to the
pacific coast of North America. Most of the
present day
market supply comes from Oregon,
Washington and Southern British Columbia.
Constituents
 • Two types of anthracene compounds have
been reported:
• Normal O-glycosides (based on emodin),
about 10 to 20 % and
• Aloin like C-glycosides, representing
about 80
to 90 % of the total.
• About a dozen such compounds have been
identified.
Constituents…
 • Two of the C- glycosides are barbaloin and
deoxybarbaloin (chrysaloin)
• Four additional compounds of this type are
designated as cascaroside A, B, C and D.
• Cascarosides A & B are based on optical isomers
of barbaloin and cascarosides C & D are based on
optical isomers of chrysaloin
• All 4 of the cascarosides, being primary glycosides
of barbaloin and chrysaloin, are actually both Oand C-
glycosides.
• The remaining 4 to 6 anthracene derivatives
identified in the drug are normal O-glycosides,
based mostly on emodin.
 Casanthranol:
 Casanthranol is a purified mixture of the
anthranol glycosides extracted from
cascara sagrada. It is also combined
with surfactant and/or hydrocoloids &
used as a cathartic.
Uses
 • As a cathartic
• Principal use is in the correction of habitual
constipation
• Not only acts as a laxative but restores
natural
tone to the colon.
SENNA
 • Senna or senna leaves consists of the
dried leaf of Cassia acutifolia, known in
commerce as Alexandria senna or of C.
angustifolia, known in commerce as
Tinnevelly senna (Fam.: Leguminosae).
SENNA…
 Distribution
 • The plants are low shrubs; C. acutifolia
grows wild near the Nile river from Aswan to Kordofan
and C. angustifolia grows wild in Somalia, the Arabian
peninsula and India.
• Most of the commercial supply of the drug is
collected from plants cultivated in southern India
(Tinnevelly); some material is also produced in the
Jammu district of India and in Northwest Pakistan.
Cultivation
 Senna is cultivated on wet lands resembling rice
paddies; infact rice is often one crop of the
season and senna is a later crop of the same
season.
Grades of Senna: Senna is graded according to
the size of the lead and the color of the leaflets:
blue-green leaves are best. Yellowish leaves are
poorest.
Constituents:
 • The principle active constitents of senna are
dimeric
glycosides whose aglycones are composed of
aloeemodin and /or rhein. Those present in greatest
concentrations are sennosides A and B, a pair of
optical isomers whose aglycones are rhein dianthrone
(Sennidin A and B).
• Sennosides C and D are minor constituents
having
dimeric aglycones composed of 1 molecule of aloe
emodin. Small quanities of monomeric glycoside and
free anthraquinones are also present.
Uses

• Senna is cathartic. The usual dose in 2g.

• Senna is stimulant laxative.
• Useful puragative for habitual constipation.
Aloe
 Source:

 • Aloe is the dried latex (juice) of the

leaves of Aloe barbadensis (A. vera) known in
commerce as the Curacao aloe or of A. ferox
and hybrids of the species with A. africana
and A. Spicata, known in commerce as Cape
aloe (Fam-Liliacase) aloe yields not less than
50% water soluble extractive.
Aloe Vera
 Description and Distribution

 • The aloe are typical xerophytic plants that have

fleshy leaves, usually have spines at the margins
& resemble to some extent the agave or century
plant (Agave americana; fam-Amaryllidaceae).
• About 300 species of Aloe are known most of
which are indigenous to Africa. Many have been
introduced into the West Indies and Europe. The
official (BP, USP, EP) varieties of aloes are the
cape from South Africa and Kenya and the
Curacao, Aruba and Bonarie.
Agave Americana
Characteristics

 • Aloe occurs on the market as opaque

masses
that range from reddish black to brownish
black to dark brown in color. The taste of each
variety of aloe is nauseating and bitter. The
characteristics odor is disagreeable.
 Constituents of Aloe

 • Aloe contains a number of anthraquinone

glycosides, the principle one of which is barbaloin
(aloe-emodin anthrone C-10 glycosides).
• O-glycosides of barbaloin with an additional sugar
also have been isolated from certain samples of Cape
aloe.
These compounds have been designated as
Aloinosides.
• Free aloe-emodin and a free and combined
anthranol
are also present.
 Constituents…
 • Chrysophanic acid has been detected in
certain types of the drug.
• The active constituents of aloe vary qualitatively
and quantitatively according to the species from
which the drug is obtained.
• Analysis have revealed that Curacao aloe is
superior to Cape aloe because it contains two
and half times (x2.5) as much aloe-emodin.
Constituents…
 Barbaloin, aloe emodin, chrysophanic
acid, free
and combined anthranol, aloinosides
 Constituents…

 • Aloin is synonyms with Barbaloin, Socaloin,

Ugandaloin, Jafaloin, Cafaloin etc.
• Curacao aloe also contains an appreciable
amount of free and combined chrysophanic
acid not present in the other types.
• In addition to these physiologically active
compounds 10-30% aloe contains inactive
ingredients including large amounts (16-63%)
of a resinous materials plus volatile oil.
Uses

 • Aloe is a pharmaceutic aid for compounding

benzoin tincture and a cathartic.
• Acts on the large intentine.
• Elicit a relatively drastic cathartic action and
some authorities advocate a preferential use
of other cathartic substances.
Uses…

 • The fresh mucilagenous gel contained in the

paranchymatous tissue in the centre of the
leaves of Aloe barbadensis (A. Vera) has been
used for years in the treatment of burns,
abrasions and other skin irritations.
• In 1935, the juice was recommended in
treating third degree X-ray
burns, more recently, has been advocated for
its moisturizing and
emollient effects.
Uses…
 • Commonly reffered as Aloe vera gel, a so called
stabilized product is now prepared from the central
leaf tissue by many different proprietary or patented
methods, some of which involves expression or
solvent extraction under harsh condition.
• The resulting product is consequently extremely
variable. Thus while scientific studies have
substantiated the cell proliferative (wound healing)
properties of fresh gel they have not verified such
activity in the stabilized product.
 Uses…
 • The stabilized product is incorporated into a wide
range of preparations for external and internal use,
ranging from hand lotion to frozen yogurt, and these
are recommended by their producers for alleviating
conditions ranging from headache to obesity.
• In spite of the mystique which, thanks to prolific
advertising, surrounds these stabilized aloe gel
products today, there is no scientific or clinical
evidence to support their therapeutic utility.
 Cyanophore Glycosides

 Several glycosides that yield hydrocyanic acid as

one of the products of hydrolysis are commonly
found in rosaceous plants. They are sometimes
designated as cyanogenic glycosides. Perhaps the
most widely distributed of these is amygldalin.
It is important to note that another of the
hydrolytic products is benzaldehyde; thus,
amygldalin containing drugs may also be
classified in the aldehyde glycoside group.
Example of Rosacea member
Introduction…
 The common cyanophore/ cyanogenic
glycosides are derivatives of mandelonitrile
(benzaldehyde cynodydrin). The group is
represented in bitter almonds in kernels of
apricots, cherries, peaches, pulms and
many other seeds in Prunus Serotina. Both
amygdalin and prunasin yield D-
mandelonitrile as the aglycone.
Samburnigrin from Sambucus nigra
liberates L-mandelonitoile as its aglycone.
Introduction…

 When amygdalin is hydrolyzed it forms 2

molecules of glucose. Although these
are usually written as linked in apparent
disaccharide form, one should note that
a disaccharide sugar has never been
broken off from the molecule by any
known means of hydrolysis.
The hydrolysis of amygdalin takes places in 3
steps which are as follows:
 Upon hydrolysis amygdalin forms two
identical glucose units rather than a
dissacharide (maltose) unit. So it is a
glucoside rather than maltoside.
Medicinal Properties

 1. Preparations from plant materials

containing
cyanogenic glycosides are widely employed as
flavoring agents.
2. Anticancer claims have also been made
for an amygdalin containing preparation
known as
laetrile or vitamin B17. The FDA has not
recognized the efficiency of laetrile for
treatment of cancer although some states
have
legalized its sale.
Wild Cherry
 Source:
 Wild cherry is the carefully dried stem
bark of Prunus serotina (Fam:
Rosaceae). Prunus is the classic name of
the palm tree; serotina means late or
backward, referring to the time of
flowering and fruiting of the species.
Wild cherry is known as Prunus
virginiana and as wild black cherry
tree.
Wild Cherry…
Prunus virginiana
Wild Black Cherry
Description and Distribution

 • The plant is a tree that grows to a

height of 30 meters or more in the
Eastern United states and Canada. The
commercial supplies of the drug come
chiefly from Tenessee, Mississippi,
Virginia and North Carolina.
Constituents

 • Prunasin (D-mandelonitrile glucoside) a

compound formed by the partial hydrolysis of
amygdalin
• Hydrolytic enzyme. Prunase
• P-caumaric acid
• Trimethyl gallic acid
• Starch and traces of volatile oil
• A resin that yields scopoletin on hydrolysis
• Benzoic acid
Use

 • In the form of syrup as a vehicle for

cough preparation
• Has sedative, expectorant properties
• Flavored vehicle
 Isothiocyanate Glycoside

 • The seeds of several cruciferous plants contain

glycosides, the aglycones of which are
isothiocyanates.
• The aglycones may be either aliphatic or
aromatic compounds. Principal among these
glycosides are sinigrin from black mustard,
sinalbin from white mustard and gluconapin
from rapeseed. When hydrolyzed by the enzyme
myrosin, they yield the mustard oils.
Rapeseed
Rapeseed
Isothiocyanate Glycoside…
 • Although the fixed oil content of these seeds
exceeds the amount of the volatile oil
developed on hydrolysis, the activity is caused
by the latter.
• Mustard: Black mustard, sinapis nigra or
brown mustard is the dried ripe seed of
varieties of Brassica nigra (Fam: Cruciferae).
 Distribution & Description
 • The plants are annual herbs that have slender
erect stems, yellow flowers, pinnatifid leaves
and somewhat four sided siliques with short
stalks.
• They are native to Europe and south Western Asia
but are naturalized and cultivated in temperate
climates in many countries and show considerable
variations in form.
 B. nigra is cultivated in England and on the
continent and B. juncea is cultivated in India.
Brassica juncea
Constituents
 • Although black mustard contains fixed oil
(30
to 35%), its principal constituent is the
glycoside, sinigrin (potassium myronate),
which is accompanied by the enzyme myrosin.
• Upon the addition of water to the crushed or
powdered seeds, the myrosin effects the
hydrolysis of the sinigrin
• The allylisothiocyanate produced is volatile,
it
is commonly called volatile mustard oil.
Uses

– Local irritant
– Emetic
– Externally rubefacient and vesicant
– Commercially as condiment
Glycyrrhiza/Licorice

 • Glycyrrhiza is the dried rhizome and roots of

Glycyrrhiza glabra, known in commerce as
spanish Licorice or G. glabra that yield an
yellow and sweet wood.
Licorice
Constituents

 • Principle constituent is glycyrrhizin

(glycyrrhizic acid), which is 50 times as
sweet
as sugar. Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside
loses
its sweet taste and is converted to the
aglycone glycyrrhetic acid and two molecules
of glucoronic acid.
Constituents….

 • Glycyrrhiza also contains isoquiritin,

isoquiritigenin, rhamnoliquiritin, various 2-
methyl isoflavones, coumarin derivative, 6-
acetyl-5-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, 5-15%
sugars (glusose, mannitol, sucrose) ,
asparagine.
Use
 • Demulcent, expectorant, flavoring agent to
mask the taste of bitter drugs, aloe, NH4Cl,
quinine etc.
• Facilitate absorption of poorly absorbed
drugs such as the anthraquinone glycosides
due to its surfactant property.
• Commercially, licorice is added to chewing
gums, chocolate candy, cigarettes, chewing
tobacco, smoking mixture etc.
• It increases the foaminess when added to
bear.
 Use
 • Recent studies have shown some pharmacological
effect of glycyrrhetic acid and is used in dermatologic
preparation for its anti-inflammatory activity. Licorice
root extract is employed in treating peptic ulcer and
Addison’s disease (chronic adrenocortical insufficiency)
• Glycyrrhizin increases fluid and sodium retention and
promotes potassium depletion.
! Persons with cardiac problems and hypertension should
avoid consumptions of significant quantities of licorice.
 Aldehyde Glycoside

 • Vanilla is a drug that has an aldehydic aglycone

as its chief constituent Vanillin is the
aglycone
developed during the curing of vanilla beans.
Vanillin is methyl protocatechuic aldehyde.
• Vanilla: Vanilla or vanilla bean is the cured full
grown unripe fruit of Vanilla planifolia; often
known in commerce as Mexican or bourbon
vanilla, or of V. tahitensis, known in commerce
as
Tahiti vanilla (Fam: Orchidaceae).
Vanilla planifolia
Description and distribution

 • The plant are perennial, climbing,

dioecious epiphytes attached to the
trunks of trees by means of aerial
rootlets.
• The plant is native to the woods of
eastern Mexico but is cultivated in
tropical countries where the
temperature does not fall below 18° C
and where the humidity is high.
Constituents
 • Green vanilla contains two glycosides,
glucovanillin and glucovanillic alcohol.
• Glucovanillin is hydrolyzed into glucose and
vanillin and glucovanillic alcohol is similarly
hydrolyzed into glucose and vanillic alcohol
which in turn oxidizes to vanillic aldehyde
(Vanillin).
• Vanillin is the principal flavouring
constituents. Vanilla also contains about 10 %
of sugar, 10% of fixed oil and calcium oxalate.
Use

 • Vanilla in the form of vanilla tincture, is used

as a flavouring agent and as a pharmaceutic
aid.
• It is also a source of vanillin.
Thank You For Your Patience 