LASER BY BRAGG

REFLECT

Presented by
• Kair Hernández
•
 Law
Bragg´s
When x-rays are scattered from a
crystal lattice, peaks of scattered
intensity are observed which
correspond to the following conditions:
• The angle of incidence = angle of
scattering.
• The pathlength difference is equal to
an integer number of wavelengths.
The condition for maximum intensity
contained in Bragg's law above allow
us to calculate details about the crystal
structure, or if the crystal structure is
known, to determine the wavelength of
the x-rays incident upon the crystal.
Fiber Bragg Grating
• WHAT IS A FBG: a periodic
perturbation of the core refractive
index of a monomode optical fiber.
• HOW DOES IT WORK: when the
radiation generated by a broad
source is injected into the fiber and
interacts with the grating, only the
wavelength in a “very narrow
band” (~0.2 nm) can be back-
reflected without any perturbation If the grating pitch is , and the core effective refractive index is ,the
resonance condition is given by:
in the other wavelengths.
 THE DISTRIBUTED BRAGG
REFLECTOR (DBR)
Is a mirror that has been designed like a reflection type diffraction
grating; it has a periodic corrugated structure at the end of the active
region.
Intuitively, partial reflections of waves from the corrugations interfere
constructively (i.e., they reinforce each other) to give a reflected wave
only when the wavelength inside the medium corresponds to twice the
corrugation period
How Does the Distributed Bragg Reflector
Work?
• The planar DBR-mirrors consist of layers with alternating high and low refractive
indices. Each layer has a thickness of a quarter of the laser wavelength in the material,
yielding intensity reflectivitys above 99%.
• The DBR layers also carry the current in the device, therefore, more layers increase
the resistance of the device.
• The wavelength of VCSELs may be tuned, within the gain band of the active region,by
adjusting the thickness of the reflector layers.
 Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) LDs

• (a) The basic principle of the Distributed Bragg Reflection

(DBR) laser. (b) Partially reflected waves at the corrugations
can only constitute a reflected wave when the wavelength
satisfies the Bragg condition. Reflected waves A and B
interfere constructively when q(λB/n) = 2L. (c) Typical output
spectrum. SMSR is the side mode suppression ratio.
 •
•   • the
 has simplest DBR laser shown in Figure 4.49 (a)
a grating only at one end of the cavity, it is
possible to have a grating at both ends to
enhance the spectral selectivity and radiation
intensity in the cavity; the latter would result in
a lower threshold current. The output
spectrum from a typical DBR laser is a very
narrow mode centered at (or very close to) .
• There is one important quantity, called the side
mode suppression ratio (SMSR), that quantifies
the intensity of the single-mode peak emission
with respect to that of suppressed modes,
which are all away from lB as illustrated in
Figure 4.49 (d). SMSR is normally measured in
dB, and typically reported values are usually 45
dB, that is, a suppression ratio of 3 * 104.