Example#1

• Suppose you have a 25 magnetic tapes, each

containing 40GB. Assuming that you have
enough tape readers to keep any network busy.
How long it will take to transmit the data over a
distance of 1Km. Assume the choices are
category 5 twisted-pair wires at 100Mbits/sec,
multimode fiber at 1000Mbits/sec and single-
mode fiber at 2500Mbits/sec. How do they
compare to deliver the tapes by car?
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 Solution
The total amount of data
= total no. of mag. Tapes x capacity of each tape
= 25 x 40GB= 1000GB

The time for medium:

Twisted pair = 1000GB/100Mbits/sec
= 81920 sec = 22.8 hr

2
Multimode Fiber = 1000GB/1000Mbits/sec
= 8192sec = 2.3 hr

Single mode Fiber = 1000GB/2500Mbits/sec

= 3277sec
= 0.9hr

Car = time to load car + transport time + time to unload car

= 300sec + 1Km/30Kph + 300sec
= 720 sec = 0.3hr

A car filled with tapes is a higher bandwidth medium!

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Node Node Node Node

Ethernet

Node Node

Switch

Node Node

Switched Media 4
 Example#2
Compare 16 nodes connected by three ways: a single
100Mbits/sec shared medium; a switch connected via
cat5, each segment running at 100Mbits/sec; and a
switch connected via optical fiber, each running at
1000Mbits/sec. The shared medium is 500m long, and
the average length of each segment to a switch is 50m.
Both switch can support full bandwidth. Assume each
adds 5μsec to the latency. Assume the average
message size is 125bytes, and ignore the overhead of
sending or receiving a message and contention for the
network.

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 Solution

• First we will calculate the aggregate bandwidth:

• For shared medium

Aggregate bandwidth = 100Mbits/sec

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• For switched twisted pair

Aggregate bandwidth = 16 x 100Mbits/sec

= 1600Mbits/sec

• For switched optical fiber

Aggregate bandwidth = 16 x 1000Mbit/sec

= 16,000Mbits/sec

Transport time = Time of flight + (message size/BW)

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 (500/1000)Km
Transport time shared = ---------------------- x 106μsec
(2/3 x 300,000)Km
+ (125 x 8bits / 100Mbits/sec)

= 2.5μsec + 10μsec = 12.5μsec

• For the switches, the distance is twice the average segment.

• We must also add latency for the switch.

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 (50/1000)Km
Transport time switch = 2x ---------------------- x 106μs
(2/3 x 300,000)Km
+ 5μsec
+ (125 x 8bits / 100Mbits/sec)

= 0.55μsec + 5μsec +10μsec

= 15.5μsec

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 (50/1000)Km
Transport time fiber = 2x ---------------------- x 106μs
(2/3 x 300,000)Km
+ 5μsec
+ (125 x 8bits / 1000Mbits/sec)

= 0.55μsec + 5μsec +1μsec

= 6.5μsec

• Although the bandwidth of the switch is

many times the shared media, the latency
for unloaded network is comparable. 10
Connection Oriented Communication

Source Destination

Messages

Connectionless Communication

Source Destination

11
Three Network Topologies

Bus Star Ring

12
7-Layer OSI Model
Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

Internet

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 Routing

• Source-Based Routing

• Virtual Circuit

• Destination-based Routing
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 Source-Based Routing

• Message specifies the destination

path.

• Network really follows the directions.

• Simpler method.
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 Virtual Circuit

• A circuit is established between

source and destination.

• Message simply names the circuit to

follow.

• ATM is the example of virtual circuit.

16
Destination-based Routing

• Message contains the destination

address.

• Switch decides a path to deliver the

message.

• Example of destinations based

routing is IP.
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Destination-based Routing
• It may be deterministic.

• Always follows the same path.

• It may be adaptive.

• Closely related to the adaptive routing is

randomized routing.
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TCP/IP vs. OSI Model
OSI model TCP/IP model

Application Mail ftp Telnet DNS

Presentation
Transmission
Session
control protocol
Transport (TCP)

Network Internet protocol

(IP)

Data link
Ethernet Token LocalTalk
Physical ring

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