Name – DIPRO DAS

Roll NO. – 17/CHE/ 051

Subject – INDUSTRIAL
STOICHIOMETRY
Subject Code – CHE -302
Semester – 3 rd
BUCKINGHAM
PI –Theorem
for
DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS
 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the
relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their
base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric charge) and units
of measure (such as miles vs. kilometers, or pounds vs. kilograms) and
tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed.
The conversion of units from one dimensional unit to another is often
somewhat complex. Dimensional analysis, or more specifically the factor-
label method, also known as the unit-factor method, is a widely used
technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra.
 APPLICATION of DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS
a). Development of an equation for fluid mechanics.
b). Conversion of one system of units to another.
c). Reducing the number of variables required in an
experimental program.
d). Develop principles of hydraulic similitude for model

study.
 FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS
We may express physical quantities in either mass-length-time(MLT) system or
force- length-time (FLT) system.
This is because these two systems are interrelated through Newton’s second law
,which states that force equals mass time acceleration,
F = m*a
F =MLT^(-2)
Through this relation, we can convert from one system to the other. Other than
convenience, it makes no difference which systems we use, since the results are same.
 BUCKINGHAM PI-Theorem
A generalized method of dimensional analysis was developed by E.
Buckingham and others and is the most popular nowadays.
In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics,
the Buckingham π theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It is a
formalization of Rayleigh’s method of analysis. Loosely, the theorem states
that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n of
physical variables, then the original equation can be rewritten in terms of a set
of p = n − k dimensionless parameters π1, π2, ..., πp constructed from the
original variables. (Here k is the number of physical dimensions involved; it is
obtained as the rank of a particular matrix.)
 BUCKINGHAM PI-Theorem PROCEDURE
a). Listing all physical variables and note ‘n’ and ‘m’. n = Total no. of variables
and m=no. of fundamental dimensions ( that is [M],[L],[T]).
b). Computing no. of Pi terms by( n-m).
c). Writing the equation in functional form.
d). Writing equation in general form.
e). Next step is selecting the repeating variables.
f). Solving each Pi term for the unknown exponents by dimensional
homogeneity.
 Example of BUCKINGHAM PI- Theorem

Q).The head loss in a horizontal pipe in turbulent flow is

related to the pressure drop ▲p, and is a measure of the
resistance to flow in the pipe. It depends on the diameter of
the pipe D, the viscosity µ and density p, the length of the
pipe l, the velocity of the flow v and the surface roughness
η . Find out the relations using Buckingham Pi –Theorem.
SOLUTION : We start by listing the dimensions of these parameters
D = [L];
▲p = [ML-1T-2];
µ = [ML-1T-1];
p = [ML-3];
  l = [L];
v = [LT-2];
η  = [];
We will choose D, v and η as repeating variables. Our first dimensionless group
involves ▲ p, in the form

c + d = 0; Davbpc▲pd = [L]a [LT-1]b [ML-3]c [ML-1T-2]d

-b -2d = 0;
a+b+3c-d = 0;
a = 0;
Redistributing
 We can repeat the process with µ to get the second dimensionless group :

                                                                                                                          
Equating coefficients and solving again in terms of d gives c = -d, 
b = -d and a = -d, thus
In fact, we recognise this group as the Reynolds number, written upside down, so

The next dimensionless group will involve l with dimension L. However one of the repeating
variables is the diameter D, and so the ratio of the two is already dimensionless.

So the next dimensionless group is Finally, η is already dimensionless anyway, being the ratio
of the height of the roughness to the pipe diameter D. So
                
We can write this relation as a relation
between the groups or in full
:                                    
                    
 CONCLUSION
We know the Buckingham π theorem provides a method for computing sets of dimensionless
parameters from given variables, even if the form of the equation remains unknown. However,
the choice of dimensionless parameters is not unique; Buckingham's theorem only provides a
way of generating sets of dimensionless parameters and does not indicate the most "physically
meaningful".

Two systems for which these parameters coincide are called similar (as with similar triangles,
they differ only in scale); they are equivalent for the purposes of the equation, and the
experimentalist who wants to determine the form of the equation can choose the most
convenient one. Most importantly, Buckingham's theorem describes the relation between the
number of variables and fundamental dimensions.