LANDSCAPE

landscape design combines

elements of art and science to
create a functional, aesthetically
pleasing extension of indoor
living to the outdoors. one initial
purpose of landscape design is to
blend man's technology into the
natural surroundings

LANDSCAPE…..
the elements of landscape include two
categories as under:
organic inorganic

Plant materials Stones

Earth Concrete
Water Brick
Metals
Plastics
PLANT MATERIALS…….

•trees
•shrubs
•creepers
•groundcovers
  They are truly an important
TREES element in the landscape
architect’s palette.
 Trees are the most important
organic landscape element,
because they develop their own
micro eco-system and by doing
that, help the development of the
whole space.
 Trees are used in parks and are
also used along highways as they
caste their shadow and protect the
driver from a sudden glare from
the sun.
SHRUBS  Shrubs are usually less than
10 feet tall, branching from
or near the ground, and have
many stems, none of which is
dominant.
 Shrubs are extensively used to
guide pedestrian movement.
 Shrubs can be used as
boundary hedges.
 Shrubs are also extensively
used in formal gardens to
follow shapes.
CREEPERS
 The creepers are the plant
materials which develop some
appendages in the form of
thorns, hooks and tendrils, and
these appendages become
essential for their growth.
 Creepers, generally flowering
ones are also used to cover
buildings as these creepers
give a different look at
different times in the year.
They are also very easy to
grow and maintain.
GROUND COVER  Groundcovers refers to any plant
that grows over an area of ground,
used to provide protection from
erosion and drought, and to
improve its aesthetic appearance.
 Ground covers are also valued for
aesthetic reasons. They soften
harsh architectural lines of
buildings and parking lots. They
provide contrast with foliage,
form and flowers.
 When skillfully interpolated with
trees and shrubs, ground covers
impart a textural balance to the
planting.
 EARTH-
1. It is the basic component of landscape architecture
2. Grass ,shrubs, bushes and trees etc. grow on it.

 These may be in the form of:

1. lowlands
2. ridges
3. slopes
4. scenic highways

 ROCKS,STONES-
They are seen as :
◦ Walls made into buildings
◦ Stone furniture, bed,
◦ Roads
◦ Tools
◦ Boundaries

Slopes Viewdecks
 Land is the solid part of the earth’s
surface.
 Landform is the 3-D relief of earth.
 Depending on the set of forces, each
region has different landforms
◦ Erosion
◦ Deposition
◦ Technological
◦ Cultural

 With time surface of land takes a certain

shape.
 Landforms are represented by
◦ Hacheres
◦ Contours
Contours
 The shape or the relief of the ground surface can be
indicated by contours.
 These are the lines of equal height above a fixed
reference point or bench mark of known or assumed
elevation.
 Contours always form a closed loop.
Hacheres
 Hacheres are strokes drawn in the direction of the
steepest slope (the aspect direction).
 Steeper slopes are represented by thicker, shorter
and closer strokes, while gentler slopes are
represented by thinner, longer and farther apart
strokes.
Slope
 Slope is the amount of inclination.
 It is represented in two ways:
◦ Ratio
◦ Percentage
LAND FORMS

•valley
•hills
•mountains
•plains
  A valley is a depression of
VALLEY the earth bounded by hills or
mountains, a natural trough
in the earth's surface, that
slopes down to a stream, lake
or the ocean, formed by
water and/or ice erosion.
 Most valleys on dry land are
formed by running water of
streams and rivers .
HILLS
 Hill is a landform that
extends above the
surrounding terrain. Hills
often have a distinct
summit, although in areas
with scarp/dip topography.
 A hill may refer to a
particular section of flat
terrain without a massive
summit.
MOUNTAINS  A mountain is a large
landform that stretches above
the surrounding land in a
limited area usually in the
form of a peak.
 A mountain is generally
steeper than a hill.
 It is a natural elevation of the
earth surface rising more or
less abruptly from the
surrounding level and
attaining a great altitude.
PLAINS

 A plain is land with

relatively low relief, that is
flat or gently rolling.
 Plains occur at the bottoms of
valleys but also on plateaus
at high elevations.
INORGANIC MATERIALS
 stone
 brick
 concrete
 rocks
 sand
 steel
 glass
 plastics
 paving
 paths, bridges, decks
STONE  It is basically used for
construction purposes and in
landscaping it can be used for
constructing sculptures, for
pavements, sitting spaces etc.
 Stone is a hard and rigid
element formed by volcanic
eruptions, sedimentation
under river bed etc.
 It is also used as leveling bed
to prepare ground to receive
rigid paving.
 It is also used for the cladding
purpose in the construction of
a building.
BRICK  A brick is a block of ceramic
material used in masonry
construction, usually laid using
various kinds of mortar.
 Bricks are also used for building,
block paving and pavement.
 "Bricks" for building may be made
from clay, shale, soft slate, calcium
silicate, concrete, or shaped from
quarried stone. However, true
bricks are ceramic, and therefore
created by the action of heat and
cooling.
 Clay is the most common material,
with modern clay bricks formed in
one of three processes - soft mud,
dry press, or extruded.
  Concrete is widely used for
CONCRETE making architectural structures,
foundations, brick/block walls,
pavements, bridges/overpasses,
motorways/roads, runways,
parking structures, dams,
pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings
for gates, fences and poles.
 Concrete is a composite
construction material composed
primarily of aggregate, cement and
water. The aggregate is generally
coarse gravel or crushed rocks
such as limestone, or granite,
along with a fine aggregate such
as sand.
CONCRETE There are three types of rocks:
 Igneous
 Sedimentary
 Metamorphous

Stone as a material can be used as

 Kerb stone
 Elevation
 Sculpture
 Paving
 Furniture
 Retaining wall
SAND  Sand consists of small
particles of rock or mineral.
It artificially crushed from
larger rocks.
 Screened and washed sand
has been prepared for site
use.
 It is also used as a leveling
bed to prepare ground to
receive rigid paving and to
observe dimensional changes
in materials that underlie
construction.
STEEL
 Steel can be used in lamp
posts, benches, fences,
gazebos etc.
 Drainage holes are advisable
for garden planters, but are
not necessarily desirable for
indoor planters.

GLASS
Glass mulch can be used in small
amounts around potted plants to
create sparkle and beauty. This
mulch is tumbled, so does not have
sharp or jagged edges, which
makes it perfect for gardening.
PLASTIC
 Benches, Tables made of
plastic are colorful and add beauty
to landscaping.
Plastic grass is very common in
gardens nowadays and also even in
the sports grounds and playfields.
 PAVING
 Hardscaping: the inorganic components of the
landscape design (paved areas).
 Softscaping: the planted areas of the landscape.
 Because mortar is not required to bond paving
units together, some of the excess water seeps
through the open joints to the soil below, thus
reducing water-ponding problems..
 Paved areas provide relatively maintenance-free
surfaces that consume almost no water. The
combination of different colors and textures of
softscaped and hardscaped surfaces can provide
for a very powerful visual effect.
 Hardscaped surfaces function as an integral part
of a water harvesting system by collecting and
channeling rainwater.
PATHS, BRIDGES AND DECKS
People are attracted to water. It is a natural tendency to
wish to walk or ride along the edge of the stream , to
rest beside it ,cross over it etc.
These desires are to be accommodated in the site
planning. Routes of movement will be aligned to
provide a variety of views and will, in effect ,
combine to afford a visual exploration of the lake
and waterways.
 The water edge paths and drives should be
undulating in there horizontal and vertical curvature
and constructed of materials that blend into the
natural scene..
 Bridges to are designed with regard for much more
than there basic function.
 Seen from many directions and angles , they are to
be given a sculptural form .

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WATER
28
WATER-
 Its sound , motion and cooling effect give it a universal appeal.
 Water features at garden scale can be of infinite variety shallow
pools, still surfaces etc.
 Pools ,ponds and lakes
in many forms enhance
the planned community.
 Stillor moving water
combined with architectural
or sculptural features can
intensify the quality of each.
The main resources are
I. Surface water
II. Underground water

The site value also depends on the quality and quantity of

water.

Surface Water sources are of different forms

 glaciers
 estuaries
 rivers
 lakes
 streams
 brooks
 wetlands etc
 Free water is the shining splendor of the natural landscape.
 From the bubbling springs to the splashing stream, rushing rapids, waterfalls,
fresh water lakes and finally to the salt water sea ,water has held for all creatures
an irresistible appeal.

QUALITIES OF WATER:
 In depth, water may range from deep to no more than a film of surface moisture.
 In motion, from rush to gush, spurt, spout, spill, spray or seep.
 In sound, from tumultuous roar to murmur.

WATER CAN BE USED:

1. as a resourse
2. for recreational purposes
3. scenic views
4. as a landscape feature

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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or H2O cycle, describes
the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and solid at various places in the
water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over
time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere.
The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or
from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation,
condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing,
the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid, and gas.
Different FORMS OF WATER
Water flows inevitably, from the source to
the receiving ocean basin. This
continuity of rivulets , streams and rivers
can be readily observed.
Various forms of water:
Upland source’
Fresh water stream,
Bay,
Ocean
Cascades,
Pools,
Waterfalls,
Lakes,
Marsh,etc.
WET LANDS:

 wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil
all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season.

•water saturation (hydrology)

largely determines how the soil
develops and the types of plant
and animal communities living
in and on the soil.
• wetlands will support both
aquatic and terrestrial species.
 stormwater is designed to flow into meadows that mimic the natural
depression and swale systems of the region and the naturally occurring
wetland

 provides bold ribbons of beautiful native vegetation as a recurring theme,

framing open lawns and helping unifying.

 wetland habitat can create play space, and provide a transition to the
surrounding urban neighborhood.
ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS

 Wetlands serve as a habitat for animals.

 It acts as a land-water interface.
 These are very productive and act as
aquifers.
 Crops like jute, rice, etc can be cultivated
in wetlands.
 These also act as flooding sink.
 Water lands channelize vegetation hence
should not be developed.
 Maximum drainage should happen
naturally. Sunderban deltas, west Bengal
NATURAL WETLANDS
 The Natural wetlands are important for maintaining
aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and should be considered
as part of an effective ecosystem management strategy.
There are four major groups of natural wetlands:
 Fringe wetlands, which include salt marshes and lakeside
marshes in which water typically flows in two opposite
directions, influenced by lunar and/or storm tides, Riverine wetlands
 Riverine wetlands, which occupy floodplains, are usually
characterized by water flowing in one direction,
 Depressional wetlands, such as prairie potholes, which
usually receive much of their water from runoff and/or
groundwater seepage rather than from surface water
bodies, so that water residence times are longer,
 Peatlands also have long water residence times, but the
accumulated peat creates a unique hydrologic regime that
differs from the previous three types of wetlands. Depressional wetlands
 In the development of land water holdings special care is required in
the delineation of use areas ,in the location of paths of vehicular and
pedestrian movement and in site and building design.

NATURAL STREAMS AND WATER BODIES:

Where these exist they represent the resolution of many dynamic forces
at work –precipitation surface run of , sedimentation , currents
,waves etc.
 The first consideration in the site planning of water related areas is to
leave the natural conditions undisturbed and build up to and around
them.

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 WATER EDGES

The meeting of land and water presents a line of special planning

significance.
In water edge designing these are some of the fundamentals to be
kept in mind
 Minimize disruption
 Maintain smooth flow
 Promote safety buy the use of handrails , nonskid pavements etc.
 Prevent the flow of run off water into the receiving water.

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 STORM WATER

 stormwater is designed to flow into meadows

that mimic the natural depression and swale
systems of the region and the naturally
occurring wetland
 provides bold ribbons of beautiful native
vegetation as a recurring theme, framing
open lawns and helping unifying
 wetland habitat can create play space, and
provide a transition to the surrounding
urban neighborhood.
 RAINWATER GARDENS

 storm water can become a resource to

be enjoyed rather than a nuisance to
dispose of.
 constructed rainwater gardens are
strategically placed to catch runoff
from roads, parking lots, driveways,
and roofs.
 deep rooted plants are used to facilitate
infiltration, absorb materials, and
create bird and butterfly habitat.
 rainwater gardens can be used on small
sites or as the main technique in a
larger system, allowing a
neighborhood, say, to forego expensive
curb and gutter. ]
WATERFALLS & CASCADES
 WATERFALL:
 A waterfall is a place where flowing water
rapidly drops in elevation as it flows over
a steep region or a cliff.
 Waterfalls are more than just pretty
landscapes.  They are important to both
the natural and human worlds. 
 Waterfalls form where a stream or river
crosses bedrock. Larger waterfalls occur
when the stream passes through an area
with a significant elevation change.
 CASCADES:
 This is the most widely encountered
waterfall form.  The term is somewhat of a
"catch-all", because it encompasses a large
number of falls in different locations. 
 The bedrock under a cascade waterfall
tends to be more "irregular" than at the
other waterfall forms
 •Fountains add movement and sound to your
garden, drawing the eye to hidden nooks and
highlighting out-of-the-way corners.
FOUNTAINS & JITS
• A fountain can be the centerpiece of a
grand gardens or be placed in private, serene
spaces filled with weeping trees and herbs.

•They are relatively inexpensive and require

very little labor to build.

•Addition of air to the water creates a misty

effect which forms jets.

•Musical fountains are attracting feature

which moves according to the music creating
a feeling of entertainment.
DETENTION STRUCTURES:
 The storm water control structure will reduce
the detention pond discharge to the pre-
development, watershed peak storm water
runoff rate.

STORM WATER DETENTION PONDS

 Storm water detention ponds are used to
capture storm water runoff from a developed
watershed and to release the captured storm
water at a rate no greater than the pre-
development peak storm water runoff rate.

 The fundamental requirements are thus:

 i) adequate volume to hold the captured
storm water runoff as it is being released at a
slower rate than it is coming in, and
 ii) an outlet structure that controls the
outflow to a rate no greater than the pre-
development peak storm water runoff rate.
RETENTION STRUCTURES:
PERMANENT WEIR (FIXED SILL)
 Permanent retention can assist in the
rehabilitation of wetlands, ecologically affected
areas and highly saline waterways.
 These structures create a partial blockage of the
channel, retaining water level at the height of the
structure during outflows.
 These structures can be constructed from a range
of materials including earth and compacted clays,
sandbags, concrete, steel or rock fill.
 Catch basin
 Catch basins are storm water inlets to the sewer
system which contain a sump to capture solids and
thereby prevent sewer blockages.

SOAK PIT
•A Soak Pit, also known as a soak away or leach pit,
is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows
water to slowly soak into the ground.

•Pre-settled effluent from a Collection and

Storage/Treatment or (Semi-) Centralized Treatment
technology is discharged to the underground chamber
from where it infiltrates into the surrounding soil.

BENEFITS
• It rejuvenates the underground water.

•The bottom surface is permeable which allows the water to seep into the surface.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
 Rainwater harvesting is the
accumulating and storing of
rainwater for reuse before it reaches
the aquifer.
 Rainwater may also be used for
groundwater recharge, where the
runoff on the ground is collected
and allowed to be absorbed, adding
to the groundwater.
 AQUIFER

 An aquifer is a wet underground

layer of water-bearing permeable
rock or unconsolidated materials
(gravel, sand, or silt) from which
groundwater can be usefully
extracted using a water well.
 The study of water flow in aquifers
and the characterization of aquifers
is called hydrogeology.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER
 Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the
optimum use of water resources.
 In an ideal world, water management planning has regard to all the competing demands for
water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands.
 Wetlands
 Watersheds
 Rain gardens
 Soak ways
 Natural drainage ways
 Detention structures
 Retention structures
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

 protect the watershed, wetlands, banks of rivers etc.

 minimize pollution in any and all forms by initiating a program of
decontamination.
 limit the use of water from the local fresh water reserve.
 utilize ecologically designed wetlands for water treatment, ground
recharge etc.
 restore, regenerate abused land, water areas to their natural
condition.
 recharge of the underground aquifiers water quantity and quality
equal to the withdrawn.
Submitted by-
rahul ganguly
09635