Solid state

Introduction:
• Solids are the substances which have definite
volume and definite shape and there is regular
arrangement of the constituting particles
(atoms and molecules) held together by fairly
strong force.
 Solids have the following properties

• Solids are rigid and have a definite shape.

• They have a definite volume.
• They are incompressible.
• The densities of solids are greater than those
of liquids and gases.
• They diffuse very slowly.
• They may be crystalline or amorphous.
 Isotropy and Anisotropy

• Anisotropy: The solid substances whose

physical properties such as mechanical
strength, optical activity, electrical and
thermal conductivity, refractive index, thermal
expansion etc. are different in different
direction are called anisotropic substances
and the phenomenon is called anisotropy.
Crystalline solids like NaCl, CuSO4.5H2­O etc. are
anisotropic substances.
• Isotropy: The solid substances whose physical
properties such as mechanical strength,
optical activity, electrical and thermal
conductivity, refractive index, thermal
expansion etc. are same in all directions are
called isotropic substances and the
phenomenon is called isotropy. Amorphous
solids like CaCO3 powder, soda ash etc. are
isotropic substances.
• Q. Distinguish isotropic and anisotropic
substance with one example of each.
 Classification of solids
• : On the basis of their physical stuctures, they
are classified as crystalline solids and
amorphous solids.
• Crystalline solids: The solids whose
constituents(atoms, ions or molecules ) are
arranged in orderly arrangements in a three
dimensional pattern are called crystalline
solids. For example, NaCl, CuSO4.5H2O, oxalic
acid crystals etc.
• Amorphous solids: The substances whose
constituents(atoms, molecules or ions) are not
orderly arranged in the three dimensional
pattern are called amorphous solids. For
example, CaCO3 powder, soda ash etc.
Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solids;
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

1) The solid substances whose constituent particles 1) The solid substances whose constituent particles such as
such as ions, atoms or molecules are arranged in ions, atoms or molecules are not arranged in order and lack
regular repeating three dimensional pattern are fixed geometry are called amorphous solids.
called crystalline solids.

2) These have sharp m.p. and b.p. 2) These have no sharp m.p. and b.p.

3)Crystalline substances are anisotropic. 3)Amorphous substances are isotropic.

4)Crystalline solids are usually hard and rigid. 4)Amorphous substances are usually soft and not so rigid.

5)Examples NaCl, CuSO4.5H2O, iodine crystal etc. 5)Examples CaCO3 powder, soda ash etc.
  
Some properties shown by crystalline solids:

• Water of crystallization: The water associated

with crystals which form an essential part of
the crystal is known as water of crystallization.
The substance having water of crystallization is
called hydrated substance. For example,
• blue vitriol (CuSO4.5H2O),
• green vitriol(FeSO4.5H2O)
• oxalic acid(H2C2O4.2H2O)etc.
• Efflorescence: The spontaneous phenomenon
in which hydrated solid substance loses one or
more water of crystallization at ordinary
temperature when exposed to air is called
efflorescence and the chemical substance is
called efflorescent substance. For example,
Na2CO3.10H2O, CuSO4.5H2O, FeSO4.7H2O
• Hygroscopic: The spontaneous phenomenon
in which a substance absorbs moisture to form
hydrated substance on exposure to air is
known as hygroscopy and the compound is
known as hygroscopic substance
• Note: in other words, substance absorb water
from air but not enough to form solutions.
Eg, CaO, NaNO3, NaCl, sucrose and CuO
• Deliquescence: The spontaneous
phenomenon in which a substance absorbs
moisture till it changes to liquid when exposed
to air is known as deliquescence and the
substance is called deliquescent substance.
Some examples NaOH, KOH, anhydrous CaCl2,
MgCl2 etc.
 Crystal lattice and unit cells:

• Crystalline solids have definite orderly

arrangement of their constituent particles in
three dimensions.
 Crystal lattice
• The arrangement of points showing how
constituent particles(atoms,ions or molecules)
in a crystal are arranged at different positions
in three dimensional space is called crystal
lattice.
 Lattice points
• The positions which are occupied by the
constituents in the crystal lattice are called
lattice point.
 Unit cell:
In the crystal lattice, a group of lattice points is
repeated over and over again in the whole
lattice. The smallest repeating unit is called unit
cell.
Thus, a unit cell is defined as the smallest
repeating unit in space lattice which when
repeated over and over again results in the
crystal of the given substance.
 Classification of unit cells in cubic system:
In case of cubic system, there are three types of lattice depending
upon the unit cells.
• Simple unit cell or Primitive unit cell: If lattice points occupy only
corners of unit cell, it is termed as simple unit cell or primitive unit
cell.
 
• Body centered unit cell: If lattice point occupies at the center of
the body along with corners of unit cell it is termed as body
centered unit cell.
 
• Face centered unit cell: If lattice points occupy center of each face
along with corners of unit cell it is termed as face centered unit
cell.
 
• Discuss the crystal structure of sodium
chloride.
What happens to the vapour pressure of a solvent
.when non-volatile solute particles are dissolved in it?
Ans: When non- volatile solute particles are dissolved
in a solvent , then vapour pressure of a solvent
becomes less than the pure solvent. This is because
fewer molecules change from the liquid into the gas
phase, thus reducing the vapour pressure.
What happens to the vapour pressure of a
solvent .when non-volatile solute particles are
dissolved in it?
Ans: When non- volatile solute particles are
dissolved in a solvent , then vapour pressure of a
solvent becomes less than the pure solvent. This
is because fewer molecules change from the
liquid into the gas phase, thus reducing the
vapour pressure.
• Why does evaporation take place from the surface of
the liquid?
• Why does boiling point of liquid rise with the pressure?
Ans: A liquid boils only when the vapour pressure of the
liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. When the
external pressure is increased, more heat will be
required to make the vapour pressure equal to the
atmospheric pressure. Due to this boiling point of liquid
rises with the pressure.
• Why does evaporation take place from the
surface of liquid?
Ans: Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a
liquid that only occurs on the liquid surface. For
molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be
located near the surface and have sufficient
kinetic energy to overcome liquid- phase
intermolecular forces.
• Why evaporation is called surface
phenomenon?
Ans: evaporation is a surface phenomenon
because it occurs in the surface. For example,
when we put wet clothes for drying we spread
them out so that the surface area gets increased.
When the surface area increases the water will
get enough space to get into vapour stage and
thus evaporation happens easily.
• Why is cooling produced when a liquid
evaporates?
Ans: During evaporation, the energy is taken
away by the molecules when they convert from
liquid into gas, and this causes cooling on the
original surface. Thus, cooling is produced when
a liquid evaporates.