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 Anger
◦ Anger is an emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you
feel has deliberately done you wrong.

◦ Handled appropriately and expressed assertively, anger can be a positive force that
helps a person to express negative feelings, or motivate to find solutions to problems,
make decisions and resolve conflicts.

◦ But excessive anger can cause problems. Increased blood pressure and other physical
changes associated with anger make it difficult to think straight and harm the
physical and mental health. 3

◦ 
Anger can be associated with a number of typical behaviors,
including the following:
◦ Frowning facial expression
◦ Clenched fists
◦ Low-pitched verbalizations forced through clenched teeth
◦ Yelling and shouting
◦ Intense eye contact or avoidance of eye contact
◦ Defensive response to criticism
◦ Passive-aggressive behaviors
◦ Emotional over-control with flushing of the face
◦ Intense discomfort; continuous state of tension 4
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Violence
◦ Violence is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder.
◦ Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media,
violence in the home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's
actions as hostile even when they're not. Certain situations also increase the
risk of aggression, such as drinking, insults and other provocations and
environmental factors like heat and overcrowding. 

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Aggression
Aggression is an emotion expressed through
verbal abuse, lack of cooperation, violation of
rules or norms, or threatening behavior.
◦ A person may express hostility when he or
she feels threatened or powerless. Hostile
behavior is intended to intimidate or cause
emotional harm to another, and it can lead to
physical aggression.

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BEHAVIOR

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Behavior

◦ Behavior is the actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms,

systems or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their
environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as
the physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or
organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious
or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

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Types of behavior

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Passive behavior
o Those people with a passive behavior are non-expressive.
o They do not express their opinions or their needs.
o They do not play an active role and allows others to make choices for them.
o They are usually indifferent to others and are isolated.
o Unlike an aggressive person, a passive person does not directly express the anger but keeps
it within.
o He lacks confidence and can be abused by others due to this characteristic.
o Another key feature in such an individual is that he would not face the situation or the
problem, but prefers to avoid it.
o This highlights that these three behavior are different from one another.
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Characteristics of passive behavior

◦  Avoids the situation

◦ Non expressive
◦ Isolated
◦ Indifferent
◦ Lacks confidence

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Example of passive behavior

◦ Shakuntala has a style that's too passive. If you ask Shakuntala what movie she
wants to see, she's most likely to say, "I don't know, what do you want to see?"
She usually lets others decide things, but later she regrets not saying what she
wanted. It bothers her that her friends do most of the talking. But when
Shakuntala tries to break into the conversation, she speaks so softly that others
talk over her without realizing.

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Assertive behavior
◦ Assertive behavior is characterized by honesty, confidence, care, active participation, and
concern for the rights of others. A person who displays assertive behavior is always honest
and speaks confidently. He actively engages in the situation and deals directly with the
problem. Such behavior is often considered as superior and a better method of dealing with
situations.
◦ A person with assertive behavior is concerned about the rights of others and does not violate
them.
◦ They express their desires and opinions openly which leads to better understanding.
◦ They are not only confident of their opinions but also of themselves. This allows them to be
satisfied with the manner in which they handle situations. When it comes to relationships
with others, their honesty and straightforwardness allow them to improve their relationships
and strengthen them. 15
Characteristics of Assertive behavior

◦ Honest
◦ Confident
◦ Considerate of others and their rights
◦ Direct
◦ Deals with the problem
◦ Expressive

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Example of assertive behavior

◦ Ben has an assertive style. When you ask for Ben's opinion, he gives it
honestly. If he disagrees with you, he'll say so — but in a way that doesn't put
you down or make you feel wrong. Ben is interested in your opinion, too. He
listens to what you have to say. Even when Ben disagrees with you, you still
feel he respects your point of view.

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Aggressive behavior
oAggressive behavior is a type of behavior where people attempt to stand up for
themselves or exert power over others in ways that are hostile and violate the rights
of others.

oFor example : karuna and Misha are two friends playing in the backyard. karuna
reaches over and grabs one of Misha's toys without asking, which upsets Misha. This
is not the first time that karuna has taken one of Misha's toys without permission,
which angers Misha even more. Misha walks up to karuna, pushes karuna, and takes
back her toy. By pushing karuna, Misha has demonstrated one type of aggressive
behavior.
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Characteristics of Aggressive behavior

◦ Violent and hostile

◦ Expressive
◦ Governed by anger
◦ Inconsiderate
◦ Blames others

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Causes of aggressive behavior
◦ physical health
◦ mental health
◦ family structure
◦ relationships with others
◦ work or school environment
◦ societal or socioeconomic factors
◦ individual traits
◦ life experiences
Note : As an adult, someone might act aggressively in response to negative experiences. For
example, a person might get aggressive when he/she feel frustrated. 
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Causes of aggressive behavior
In children In teens
◦ stress
◦ poor relationship skills
◦ peer pressure
◦ underlying health conditions
◦ substance abuse
◦ stress or frustration
◦ unhealthy relationships with family
◦ trouble coping with emotions
members or others

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Health Causes of Aggressive Behavior

◦ autism spectrum disorder

◦ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
◦ bipolar disorder
◦ schizophrenia
◦ conduct disorder
◦ intermittent explosive disorder
◦ post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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Brain damage can also limit the ability to control aggression. A
person may experience brain damage as the result of:

◦ stroke
◦ head injury
◦ certain infections
◦ certain illnesses

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Escalation of anger

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References
◦ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior
◦ https://www.apa.org/
◦ https://study.com/academy/lesson/aggressive-behavior-definition-types-signs.html
◦ https://www.bing.com/search?q=passive+aggressive+assertive+behavior&qs=AS&pq=passive
+aggressive+assertive+be&sc=231&cvid=3CE10A827F9647B19B628C9584D1FCC4&FOR
M=QBRE&sp=1
◦ https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/passive-aggressive-behavior-overview#1

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