SAM

FA
AL

RE H
IZZ

EEN
EE
HA
A

ZA
AIS H
FAT HA
IM
AH
IFRA
H

LIGHT
 LIGHT
Light is an electromagnetic radiation within a
certain portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
It’s a form of energy.
It always travels in a straight line.
Speed of light is 3 × 10^8.
Bunch of light rays form a beam.
 DISPERSION OF LIGHT
The dispersion of light is the
phenomenon of splitting of a
beam of white light into its
seven constituent colours when
passed through a transparent
medium. It was discovered by
Isaac Newton in 1666. Thus the
spectrum is a band of seven
colours which is obtained by
splitting of white light by a
glass prism.
V-IOLET
I-NDIGO
B-LUE
G-REEN
Y-ELLOW
O-RANGE
R-ED
WAVELENGTHS & FREQUENCIES

Violet bends most as it has shortest wavelength.

Red bends the least as it has the longest wavelength.

•Violet has the highest frequency.

•Red has the lowest frequency.
 Reflection
• The throwing back by a body or surface of
light, heat, or sound without absorbing it.
• An amount of light, heat, or sound that is
reflected by a body or surface.
• An image seen in a mirror or shiny surface.
 Laws of reflection
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the
reflection surface at the point of the incidence lie in the
same plane.
• The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal
is equal to the angle which the reflected ray makes to the
same normal.
• The reflected ray and the incident ray are on the opposite
sides of the normal.
 Angle of Reflection

Definition:
The angle made by a
reflected ray with a
perpendicular to the
reflecting surface.
 REFRACTION
Refraction is basically termed
as bending of light.Refraction
is the bending of a wave when
it enters a medium where its
speed is different.
Laws of Refraction
• The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal to the interface of two media at the
point of incidence all lie in the same plane. 
• For the light of a given color and for given
pair of media, the ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence to the sine of the angle
of refraction is constant.
• If the light ray is travelling from a lighter
medium to a denser medium so it will bend
towards the normal.

• If the light ray is travelling from a denser

medium to a lighter medium it will bend away
from the normal.
Examples of refraction
 Angle of Refraction
The angle of refraction is the
measurable quantity that
indicates the amount of
refraction taking place at any
boundary. A comparison of
the angle of refraction to the
angle of incidence provides a
good measure of the
refractive ability of any given
boundary. the relationship
between the angles of
incidence and refraction is
also known as Snell’s law.
Critical Angle

The angle of incidence

beyond which rays of
light passing through a
denser medium to the
surface of a less dense
medium are no longer
refracted but totally
reflected.
Emergent ray

Emergent ray is
the ray which
emerges at the
source of light.
incident ray is an
acronym of
emergent ray. It is
always parallel to
the incident ray.
 Total Internal Reflection
• Basically it is the complete reflection of a light
ray reaching an interface with a less dense
medium when the angle of incidence exceeds
the critical angle.
 Requirements:
• the light is in the denser medium and
approaching the less dense medium.
• the angle of incidence is greater than the so-
called critical angle.
Properties Of Plain Mirror

• The image is of the same

size as the object.
• It is laterally inverted.
• It is upright.
• It is virtual.
• It is at a position as far
behind the mirror as the
object is in front of the
mirror.
Thank you for
your attention