KNS 2153 HYDRAULICS

RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

Main Channel
Flood Plain Flood Plain

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Rapidly Varied Flow
 Rapidly varied flow has very pronounced curvature of the
streamlines.

 The change in curvature may become so abrupt that the flow profile
is virtually broken, resulting in a state of high turbulence.

 Example of rapidly varied flow discontinuous profile is the hydraulic

jump.

 Often there is a flow transition between deep, slow flow (subcritical;

Fr<1) and shallow, fast flow (supercritical; Fr>1).

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Characteristics of Flow

 The curvature of the flow is so pronounced that the pressure

distribution cannot be assumed to be hydrostatic.
 The rapid variation in flow regime often takes place in a relatively
short reach.
 When rapidly varied flow occurs in a sudden-transition structure,
the physical characteristics of the flow are basically fixed by the
boundary geometry of the structure as well as by the state of the
flow.
 When rapid changes in water area occur in rapidly varied flow, the
velocity-distribution coefficients α and β are usually far greater than
unity and cannot be accurately determined.
 The separation zones, eddies and rollers that may occur in rapidly
varied flow tend to complicate the flow pattern and to distort the
actual velocity distribution in the stream.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Energy and Momentum

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Energy and Momentum

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Energy and Momentum

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Specific Energy

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Specific Energy

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Specific Energy

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Critical Depth

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Criterion for critical state flow

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Section Factor for Critical Flow

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Example

A 3 m wide rectangular channel carries a

discharge 17 m3/s at a uniform depth of 1.7
m. The Manning’s n = 0.012. Determine the
channel slope, critical depth and Froude
number.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

Slope
17 = 1/0.012(1.7 x 3) (1.7 x 3/(1.7+3+1.7))2/3 (S)1/2

S= 0.0022

Critical depth, yc
z=Q/g1/2 = 17/(9.81)1/2
z = 5.43

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

z/b2.5 = 5.43/(3)2.5 = 0.348

From critical depth chart,

yc/b = 0.5
yc = 0.5 x 3 = 1.5 m

Froude number
Fr = (Q2B/gA3)1/2
Fr = (172 x 3/9.81(1.7 x 3)3)1/2 = 0.67 < 1 (subcritical
flow)
Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo
 Hydraulic Jump

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Hydraulic Jump

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Length of the Jump
 The length of the jump, L is an important parameter
affecting the size of a stilling basin in which the jump is
used.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Types of Jump
1) Undular Jump: 1.0 < F ≤ 1.7
The water surface is undulating with a very small ripple on the surface.
The sequent-depth ratio is very small and is practically zero.

2) Weak Jump: 1.7 < F ≤ 2.5

The surface roller makes its appearance at F = 1.7 and gradually
increased in intensity towards the end of this range, i.e F = 2.5. The
energy dissipation is very small, is about 5% at F = 1.7 and 18% at F =
2.5. The water surface is smooth after the jump.

3) Oscillating Jump: 2.5 < F ≤ 4.5

This category of jump is characterized by an instability of the high-velocity
flow in the jump which oscillates in a random manner between the bed
and the surface. These oscillations produce large surface waves that
travel considerable distances downstream.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Types of Jump
4) Steady Jump: 4.5 < F ≤ 9.0
In this range of Froude numbers the jump is well-established, the roller
and jump action is fully developed to cause appreciable energy loss.
The relative energy loss ranges from 45% to 70% in this class of jump.

5) Strong or Choppy Jump: F > 9.0

The water surface is very rough and choppy. The water surface
downstream of the jump is also rough and wavy. The sequent-depth
ratio is large and the energy dissipation is very efficient with values
greater than 70%.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo
 Hydraulic Jump

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Example

A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of 7.75 m3/s per

meter width. At the downstream horizontal apron the depth
of flow was found to be 0.5 m. What tailwater depth is
needed to form a hydraulic jump? If a jump is formed, find
it’s a) type, b) length, c) head loss, and d) energy loss as a
percentage of the initial energy.

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo
Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo
 Broad Crested Weir

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Broad Crested Weir

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Venturi Flume

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Venturi Flume

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Main Channel
Flood Plain Flood Plain

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo