RESERVOIR

ENGINEERING II
GAS RESERVOIRS
DEFINITION AND CLASIFICATION
• Temperature is above critical temperature
• Can be classified in:
• Retrograde gas condensate
• Near critical gas condensate
• Wet gas
• Dry gas
RETROGRADE GAS CONDENSATE
RETROGRADE GAS CONDENSATE
• The attraction between the molecules of the light and heavy components
causes them to move farther apart
• The condensed liquid volume seldom exceeds more than 15% to 19% of the
pore volume
• Gas-oil ratios between 8,000 and 70,000 scf/STB
NEAR CRITICAL GAS
CONDENSATE
NEAR CRITICAL GAS
CONDENSATE
• A rapid liquid buildup will immediately occur below the dew point
• The condensate volume is higher than in the retrograde gas
condensate
WET GAS
WET GAS
• If the gas enters the two-phase region
• Condensation is caused by a sufficient decrease in the kinetic energy
of heavy molecules with temperature drop.
• Gas oil ratios between 60,000 and 100,000 scf/STB
• Separator conditions, i.e., separator pressure and temperature, lie
within the two-phase region
DRY GAS
DRY GAS
• Gas both in the reservoir and in the surface facilities
• The only liquid associated is water
• Gas-oil ratio greater than 100,000 scf/STB
• Kinetic energy of the mixture is so high and attraction between
molecules so small that none of them coalesces to a liquid at stock-
tank
GAS PROPERTIES
• Apparent molecular weight, Ma
• Specific gravity, γg
• Compressibility factor, z
• Density, ρg
• Specific volume, v
• Isothermal gas compressibility coefficient, cg
• Gas formation volume factor, Bg
• Gas expansion factor, Eg
• Viscosity, μg
IDEAL GASES

Where:
p=pressure [psia]
n=number of moles of gas [mol]
R= universal gas constant 10.730 psia ft3/lb-mole [°R]
M=molecular weight, [lb/lb-mol]
Ma= apparent molecular weight of the gas mixture,
[lb/lb-mol]
Mi= molecular weight of component (i) in the mixture,
lb/lb-mol
Mair= molecular weight of air, 28.96 [lb/lb-mol]
yi= mole fraction of the component (i) in the mixture
γg = gas specific gravity
T= reservoir temperature, [°R]
REAL GASES

Where:
z= deviation factor, dimensionless
Vactual= gas volume at current conditions [cf]
Videal= gas volume at standard conditions [scf]
ppr = pseudo-reduced pressure, dimensionless
Tpr = pseudo-reduced temperature, dimensionless
ppc, Tpc = pseudo-critical pressure and temperature,
respectively [psia], [°R]
PSEUDOCRITAL PARAMETERS
 DEVIATION FACTOR

Where:
Factors A and B are mole fractions of the
components CO2+H2S and H2S in the gas,
respectively.
Tm = modified pseudocritical temperature,
[°R]
EXERCISE
A gas reservoir has the following gas composition: the initial reservoir
pressure and temperature are 3,000 psia and 180°F, respectively.

Calculate all gas properties analytically and graphically.

INITIAL GAS IN PLACE
• Volumetric method
• It is useful in reserve work for estimating gas-in place at any
stage of depletion.
• Before reservoir limits have been accurately defined, it is
convenient to calculate gas-in-place per acre-foot of bulk
reservoir rock.
• Provide valuable checks on gas-in-place estimates obtained from
material balance methods
PRODUCED GAS
• Volumetric method
Gas produced = Initial gas − Remaining gas

Where:
G = gas-in-place, [scf]
A = area of reservoir, [acres]
h = average reservoir thickness, [ft]
φ = porosity, dimensionless
Swi = water saturation, dimensionless
Bgi = gas formation volume factor, [ft3/scf]
Bga=evaluated at abandonment pressure, [ft3/scf]
EXCERCISE
A reservoir with following characteristics
A = 3000 acres
h = 30 ft
φ = 0.15
Swi = 20%
T = 150°F
pi = 2600 psi
γg=0.83
Calculate cumulative gas production and recovery factor at 1,000 and
400 psi.