 Reference books

 Many textbooks on Networking may be consulted

 Research papers
 Web resources

 Tutorials, white papers, etc

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 Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S.
Davies, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, California, USA

 Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,

Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Addison-Wesley

 Data and Computer Communication, William Stallings

 Internetworking with TCP/IP Vol –I by Douglas E. Comer, Addison- Wesley;

5th Edition (July 10, 2005). ISBN-10: 0131876716

 Computer Networks – Andrew S. Tanenbaum, David J. Wetherall (5th ed.)

 TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols, 2nd ed., Kevin R. Fall, W.

Richard Stevens, Addison-Wesley, 1994

 Data Communications and Networking, 5th edt. Behrouz A. Forouzan

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Consult Course Outline

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Data Communication Basics

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Data Communication
Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable

 For Data to occur,

Communication the
communicating system
communication devices
made up be
of some
a part
specific
of a
must of hardware (Physical equipment) and
kind
software (Programs). This type of a system is
known as a “Data Communication System”
Characteristics of Data Communication
System

The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on

Delivery of data to the correct destination
Accuracy: data must be delivered accurately (as it is)
 Timeliness: data must be delivered on time
Real time transmission of audio and video data
A data communication system must transmit data to the
correct destination in an accurate and timely manner
Computer Networks Fundamentals

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18th,19th and 20th centuries: dominated by a single new
technology

 18th: Mechanical systems + Industrial revolution

 19th: Age of Steam engine

 20th century Key technology: Information gathering,

processing, and distribution

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Other developments of 20th Century

 Installation of worldwide telephone networks,

 the invention of radio and television,

 the birth and rapid growth of the computer industry,

 the launching of communication satellites, and

 the Internet

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 21st century --------rapid technological progress allows
 rapid convergence of these areas
 Disappearance of differences between collecting,
transporting, storing, and processing information

 Organization having many offices

 can examine their most remote data at the push of a button
 As our ability to gather, process, and distribute information
grows
 The demand for more sophisticated information
processing develops even faster

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 spectacular progress of computers in a short time
 Even though computer industry is still young compared
to other industries (e.g., automobiles and air
transportation)
 highly centralized computer systems (first two
decades)
 usually within a single large room
 one or two computers (A medium-sized company
or university
 a few dozen at most (very large institutions)

 Pure Science fiction (around 1970s): idea that within

forty years
 More powerful computers smaller than postage stamps
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 Organization of computer systems is strongly influenced
by
 the merging of computers and communications

 The old model: a single computer serving all of

the organization’s computational needs
 replaced by one in which a large number of
separate
but interconnected computers do the job

 These separate but interconnected computers are

called
computer networks

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Networking topics
 Communications (at the bottom layer: signals)
 how we use signals to carry information in bits across
networks
 Networking (Packets): building on communication
 How the internet operates
 How packets are carried across networks
 Distributed systems (at a higher layer: applications)
 About different kinds of applications, which can
be built
on top of networks
 And make use of their services

 A distributed system is a software system built

on top of a network.
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  Usual view of the network
 Clients: computers
 that make use of the internet
 Talk to the servers over the other side of the
network

A network with two clients and one server

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To learn how Internet works
 When you browse the web
 What really goes on
 A simple action: clicking on a link
 But, heavy amount of machinery exists below it to support
clicking operation
 Many acronyms: TCP/IP, the DNS, HTTP, NAT, VPNs,
802.11,
MPLS, NAT, VPN, CIDR, etc.
 how they operate and what their purpose is,
and why they even exist
To learn the fundamental of computer networks

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 Why should you bother learning these fundamentals as
opposed to learning about how the internet works today?
 WiFi (a new technology known to many among us)
 But might not know much about satellite networks

Apply to all computer networks

 Many of the networking fundamentals also apply to

satellite networks
 So, a little extra learning enables to transfer knowledge

to other kinds of networks

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Change / reinvention (most important reason)
 The internet is not static (constantly being re-invented)
 understanding the fundamentals gives long term

knowledge
 helps to understand the internet of the future which
is continuing to change and evolve
 Today’s internet is different from yesterday’s

 Tomorrow’s will also be different

But fundamentals remain the same

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So what is a network?
 A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)
and connected by communication transmission channels
(links) that allow people to communicate over distances,
large and small

 A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device

capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other
nodes on the network.

 A link is a communications pathway that transfers data

from one device to another.
 A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any medium which
can transport a signal carrying information

The Internet and telephone networks span the globe

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NETWORKS
 A network is the interconnection of a set of devices capable of
communication

 A Computer Network is a collection of autonomous

but interconnected computers
 Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to
exchange information

Networks are usually connected together to make larger networks

(network of networks)

 Internet: the most well-known example of a network of

networks
How to achieve connectivity between computers,
networks and people?
 Variety of transmission methods
 Wired transmission
 Coaxial cable, twisted pair wiring, fiber optics
 Wireless transmission
 Microwave, satellites, cellular systems, ad hoc networks,
wireless sensor networks

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Physical Structures

Based on Type of Connection

 For communication to occur, two devices must be
connected in some way to the same link at the
same time.
Based on Type of Topology:
 Topology refers to the way in which a network is

laid out physically

 Topology is geometric representation of the

relationship of all the links and nodes (devices

connected to one another through links)
Physical Structure: Types of connections
Two possible types of connections
Point to Point: single transmitter and receiver
Provides dedicated link between two devices
Multipoint: multiple recipients of single
transmission More than two specific devices
share a single link Spatially shared: if several
can use the link simultaneously
Temporally shared: If users use the link in turns
(timeshared)
Physical Structures: Type of Topology

Two or more devices connect to a link and two or more

links form a topology
Physical Structures: Type of Topology
A Hybrid Topology
A star backbone with three bus networks
Taxonomy of Computer Networks

Transmission Technology
 Point-to-point links

 Broadcast links

Scale
 Distance
Transmission Technology

Point-to-point links
 Connect individual pairs of machines

 Packets may have to visit one or more intermediate

machines to go from source to destination (in network

of point-to-point links)
 Unicasting: point-to-point transmission with exactly

one sender and one receiver

Transmission Technology

Broadcast links
 Channel shared by all machines on network

 Packets received by all others

 Address field mentions the intended receiver

 Wireless network is a common example

 Possibility of addressing the packet to all machines by

a special code (Broadcasting)

 Transmission to a subset of machines (Multicasting)
Computer Networks: By Scale

Distance: Important classification metric

Personal Area Networks (PAN)
 interconnection of information technology devices
within the range of an individual person
 generally within a range of 10 meters

 Wireless PAN (Bluetooth) connecting a computer with its

peripherals like mouse, printer, keyboard

 Bluetooth master-slave paradigm
 a master (System unit) tells slaves (mouse, printer etc)
 what addresses to use, when they can broadcast, how long they
can transmit, what frequencies they can use, and so on

Bluetooth PAN configuration

Personal Area Networks (PAN)
 Wired PAN: USB (plug and play compatible) and
FireWire (connecting digital video cameras with their
computers using special cables) technology
PAN can be viewed as a special type of LAN that
supports one person instead of a group
Local Area Networks (LAN)
 a privately owned network that operates within and nearby

a single building like a home, office, campus

 widely used to share resources such as printers

 Called enterprise LAN when used by companies

 Wireless LAN standard: IEEE 802.11 (Known as WiFi)

 Speed anywhere from 11 to 100 Mbps

Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Wired LAN use different transmission technologies like Copper
wires, optical fiber
 Restricted in size
 Speed from 100 Mbps to 100 Gbps, Low delay (ms , ns)
 Most common wired LAN standard: 802.3 (called Ethernet)
 Each computer speaks the Ethernet protocol and connects to a box
called a switch with a point-to-point link
 switches can be plugged into each other using their ports to build
larger networks
An isolated LAN connecting
12 computers to a hub in a closet
Virtual LAN
 Logical Division of one large physical LAN into two
smaller logical LANs
 For example, Engineering and Finance Departments of a

company have computers on the same network

 Design: Each port is tagged with a color.

 Switch helps in forwarding the packets on a desired
port

 So broadcast packets sent on one port will not be

received by the other port (as they are two different
LANs)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
 A network with a size between a LAN and a WAN
 designed for customers who need a high-speed connectivity,
normally to the Internet, and have endpoints spread over a city
or part of city

 usually based on LAN technology

 Example: High speed wireless Internet access WiMAX

(standardized as IEEE 802.16)
 30 to 40 Mbps data rates, with updates to 1 Gbps
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Another Example: cable TV-based network
 both television signals and Internet being fed into
the centralized cable head-end
 for subsequent distribution to people’s homes
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 May cover continent or planet
 Wired WAN: A company with branch offices in different cities
 Machines in each office (for running user applications) are
called hosts
 The rest of network connecting these hosts is called
communication subnet
 To carry messages from host to host
Components of subnet
 Transmission lines: transmission media
 Move bits between hosts
 Copper wire, optical fiber or radio links
 Most companies lease these lines rather having their own
 Switching elements (specialized computers called
routers)
 Connect two or more transmission lines
 Provide message forwarding
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
 A stream of packets from sender to
receiver
A heterogeneous network made
of four WANs and two LANs
 Business Applications (Work)
 Email, file sharing, printing
 Home Applications (Home)
 Reading the news, calls, video, messaging, e-commerce,
listening songs, watching movies
 Mobile Users
 calls/texts, games, videos, consulting maps, accessing
different kinds of information services
 Social Issues

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Resource sharing
 Each employee may have a computer and perform his task in
isolation

 Management may decide to connect them to be able

to distribute information throughout the company

 The goal: to make all programs, equipment, and especially

data available to anyone on the network without regard to
the physical location of the resource or the user
 For example: group of office workers sharing a common
printer

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 Company having many offices
 A client server model applicable
 Client and server in the same building (of same company)
 When they are far apart
 Accessing a page on world wide web from home
 Remote web server and user’s personal computer (client)
 One server can handle a large number of clients simultaneously
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 The client-server model involves requests and
replies

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Power Communication medium among employees
 Every company having two or more computers has email

 Employees generally use a great deal of daily communication

Telephone calls between employees

 may be carried by the computer network instead of by the

phone company (IP telephony or Voice over IP (VoIP) when

internet technology is used)
Addition of video to audio (employee can see each other)
Desktop sharing: allows remote workers see and interact with
a graphical computer screen
Electronics commerce: doing business electronically

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 access provides connectivity to remote computers
 Surfing the WWW for information or just for fun
 News papers, Digital library
 Interactive entertainment: IP Access to remote information
 Internet TeleVision, game playing
 Electronic commerce: Home shopping

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 Person-to-person communication (peer-to-peer model instead of
client-server model to access information)
 Do not have any central database of content ----
 such as BitTorrent (most common protocols for transferring large
files)
 Each user maintains his own database locally and provides
nearby members of the system
 Often used to share music and videos
 Napster (2000 -- the biggest copyright issue) Music
sharing service

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 In peer-to-peer system there are no fixed clients and
servers

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 Some forms of e-commerce

 Online auction of second hand goods --- a massive

industry (a peer to peer in the sense that
consumers can act as both buyers and sellers)

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 Sale of mobile computers (laptop and handheld ) has
already overtaken those of desktop computers
 People want to read and send email, tweet , download
music, play games or simply surf the web on the go

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 Connectivity to the Internet: wireless networks instead of
wired networks (in cars, boats, airplanes etc)
 Wireless hotspots based on 802.11 standard
 Wireless networking and mobile computing are not identical
(though often related)
 Notebook computers are sometime wired
 If a traveler plugs it into the wired network jack in a hotel
room (mobility without a wireless network)

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 Some wireless computers are not mobile
 Where there is lack of suitable cabling, better to
connect desktop computers wirelessly
 Combinations of wireless networks and mobile
computing

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 Key driver of mobile, wireless technology: Mobile phone
 Text messaging (Short Message Service)
 Convergence of telephones and Internet
 Accelerate the growth of mobile applications
 SMART Phones (like iPhone) combine aspects of mobile phones
and mobile computers
 Cellular networks (3G, 4G) to which smart phones are connected provide fast data
services for using the Internet as well as handling phone calls
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 M-commerce (Mobile Commerce)
 When equipped with Near Field Communication (NFC),
can
act as smartcard interacting with nearby reader for payment
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 Distribution and viewing of contents by ordinary citizens
 Freedom comes with many unsolved social, political and
ethical issues
 Easy communication but people who run the network
can
snoop on the traffic easily
 Conflicts: employee rights versus employer rights
 Government versus citizen rights
 FBI: installed systems at many ISPs to snoop on all incoming
and outgoing email (particularly to know about illegal activities)
 Google can read your email and show you advertisements based
on your
interests if you use Gmail

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