WORDS OF WISDOM

Certainly, we have created Man to Struggle

(Qura’an 90:4)

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 Computer Networks
Lecture # 1 & 2

Course Title: Computer Networks

Instructor: Tahira Malik (Lecturer)
Email Address: tahira@uosahiwal.edu.pk
Department of Computer Science
Term (Semester): Spring 2021

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 Objectives
Ϟ To Analyse the components of data communication (DC).
Ϟ To Identify and compare the functions and requirements of
data communication.
Ϟ To Distinguish between the different functions in a data
communication and demonstrate their uses.
Ϟ To Demonstrate how to set up a communications network for
different business and social entities.
Ϟ To Discuss the differences between the different types of
networks and other forms of data communications.
Ϟ To Investigate the use of the Internet in researching
information dealing with data communications.

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 Course Outline
Ϟ Fundamentals of data communications

Ϟ Data transmission basics

Ϟ Analog & digital communications
Ϟ Communication media and equipment

Ϟ Modulation schemes
Ϟ Data encoding schemes

Ϟ Transmission Modes

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 Course Outline
Ϟ Spread spectrum
Ϟ Switched circuits
Ϟ Multiplexing
Ϟ Error detection and correction
Ϟ Error control and flow control
Ϟ Secure communication system
Ϟ Transmission Media
Ϟ Wired & Wireless Network
Ϟ ISP setup

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 Course Overview
Grading Criteria:

Ϟ Assignments 05%

Ϟ Quizzes: 05%

Ϟ Term Paper + Presentation: 05% + 05%=10%

Ϟ Midterm: 30 %

Ϟ Final Exam: 50%

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 Course Overview

Suggested Books:
Ϟ “Data and Computer Communication” 7th Edition by William
Stallings
Ϟ “Data Communications and Networking” 4th Edition by
Behrouz A. Forouzan

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 Introduction
Definition Of Data Communication
“Data Communication is the exchange of information from one
entity to the other using a transmission medium”.

As you can clearly notice, the definition of Data Communication

although simple, leaves many questions unanswered:

Exchange ??????
Information ?????
Entities ???????
Transmission ????
Medium ????

We will try to answer all these questions in this course

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History of Data Communication
Telegraph 1837 Samuel Morse
Telephone 1876 Alexander Graham Bell
1970’s:
Although development of databases, languages, operating
systems, and hardware was strong from 1950s to 1970s, large-
scale data communication systems did not emerge until the
1970s.
This was stimulated by 3 major developments:
Ϟ Large-scale integration of circuits reduced cost and size of
terminals and communication equipment
Ϟ New software systems that facilitated the development of
data communication networks
Ϟ Competition among providers of transmission facilities
reduced the cost of data circuits
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 History of Data Communication

TODAY’S EVERCHANGING & BUSY WORLD

Ϟ Today’s fast world demands better, secure and most of all FAST
ways of communication
Ϟ Gone are the days when you had to wait a couple of weeks to
get a letter from USA

Ϟ Why wait ONE week when you can get the information you
require in just a split of a second, using what we know by the
name of “Data Communication”.

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 Definition Of Data Communication
DATA COMMUNICATION

Ϟ When we communicate, we share information

Ϟ Information can be LOCAL or REMOTE
Ϟ Between individuals LOCAL communication occurs face to face
Ϟ REMOTE communication occurs over a long distance

Ϟ When we refer to computer systems, data is represented in the

form of binary units (Bits) i.e. in the form of zeros (0’s) and one’s
(1’s)
Ϟ Also the entities can most of the times be considered to be
computers
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 Definition Of Data Communication

Therefore , our earlier definition can easily be modified to:

“Data Communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 0’s

and 1’s) between two devices (computers) via some form of the
transmission medium.”

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 Introduction
• Computer Network:
• “An interconnected collection of autonomous computers that
are capable of exchanging information”
• Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able
to exchange information
• The most elementary network consists of two computers
communicating over a cable
• The old model of a single computer serving all of the
organization’s computational needs has now been replaced by
one in which a large number of separate but interconnected
computers do the job. These systems are called computer
networks
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 Introduction (Cont…)
• Networking
• A group of computers and other devices connected
together is called a network and the concept of
connected computers sharing resources is called
networking
• Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms
• The range of a network is from systems connecting a
few PCs to worldwide networks with thousands of
machines and over a million users

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 Introduction (Cont….)
• What computers can do in a network:

• Computers can communicate with each other in a

network
• They can send and receive data from each other
when they are in a network

• So, its all about sharing resources

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 Introduction (Cont…)
• Understand What Really Is a Computer Network?

• You might have seen many networks in your daily life

• Set of serial lines to attach terminals to mainframe?
• Telephone network carrying voice traffic?
• Cable network to disseminate video signals?

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 Uses of computer networks

• Email
• World Wide Web,
• Video Conferencing
• File Transfer
• Collaborative Virtual Environments
• Remote control of robots and machines
• Webcasting
• Distributed Programs and Applications
• Hacking
• Banking
• Internet telephone

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 Why Do We Need Computer
Networks

We need computer networks for

• Sharing of resources
• Sharing of data
• Sharing of ideas

• So, a computer network

• Eliminates the geographical constraints, improve

communications and more than one person can work on a
single job

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 Motivation Towards Networking
• One of the reasons of motivation towards
networking was resource sharing

• Resource sharing means to share the resources

available among many users
• In an office as it is very expensive to give a separate
printer to each worker
• If the printer is shared among the workers then a
single printer will be accessible to each worker

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 Motivation Towards Networking
• The goal of resource sharing is to make all programs,
equipment and data available to anyone in the network
without regard to physical location of the resource and the
user
• The main reason for early resource sharing was not to share
the peripheral devices rather to share the large-scale
computational power because computer were extremely
expensive in those days and the government budgets were not
sufficient to provide computers for all scientist and engineers
• By resource sharing a researcher could use whichever
computer was best suited to perform a given task

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Components of Computer Network

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Components of Computer Network(Cont…)

• Hub
• A Hub is a hardware device that divides the network connection
among multiple devices. When computer requests for some
information from a network, it first sends the request to
the Hub through cable. Hub will broadcast this request to the
entire network.
• Router:
•  router is a hardware device which is used to connect a LAN with
an internet connection. It is used to receive, analyze and forward
the incoming packets to another network.
• A router works in a Layer 3 (Network layer) of the OSI Reference
model.

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Components of Computer Network(Cont…)

• A router forwards the packet based on the

information available in the routing table.
• It determines the best path from the available paths
for the transmission of the packet.
• Switch - Switch is a telecommunication device
grouped as one of computer network components.
Switch is like a Hub but built in with advanced
features. It uses physical device addresses in each
incoming messages so that it can deliver the message
to the right destination or port.
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Components of Computer Network(Cont…)

• Unlike a hub, switch doesn't broadcast the received

message to entire network, rather before sending it
checks to which system or port should the message
be sent. In other words, switch connects the source
and destination directly which increases the speed of
the network. Both switch and hub have common
features: Multiple RJ-45 ports, power supply and
connection lights.

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Components of Computer Network(Cont…)

• A file server is a central server in a computer

network that provides file systems or at least parts of
a file system to connected clients. File servers therefore
offer users a central storage place for files on internal data
media, which is accessible to all authorized clients.
• Clients - Clients are computers that access and use the
network and shared network resources. Client computers
are basically the customers(users) of the network, as they
request and receive services from the servers. These days,
it is typical for a client to be a personal computer that the
users also use for their own non-network applications.
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Components of Computer Network(Cont…)

• A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's

a computer program that distributes web pages as they
are requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server is
to store, process and deliver web pages to the users. This
intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
•  A print server, or printer server, is a type of server that
connects printers to client computers over a network.
Print server functionality may be integrated with other
devices such as a wireless router, a firewall, or both. A
printer may have a built-in print server.
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 QUESTIONS

Any Question Please?

You can contact me at: tahira@uosahiwal.edu.pk

Your Query will be answered within one working day.

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Thanks

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