AGRICULTURE

DEVELOPMENT

Prof. Hanumant Yadav

HNLU, Raipur

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 ECONOMY
• Economy is classified in 3 sectors
( Production criteria GNP/GDP)
1. Primary sector : (Represented by
Agriculture sector)
2. Secondary sector : (Represented by
Industry sector )
3. Tertiary sector : (Represented by Service
sector )
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 PRIMARY SECTOR
• Agriculture and Allied Activities
1. Crop Cultivation
2. Horticulture
3. Animal Husbandry & Dairying
4. Fisheries
5. Poultry farming
• FORESTRY
• Mining
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 Agriculture in the Indian
Economy
• Agriculture is considered backbone of the
Indian economy.
• More than 70 percent of Indian population
earn their livelihood from agriculture.
• Agriculture sector is playing an important
role in the prosperity of the country.

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 Role of Agriculture in the Indian
Economy
1. Contribution to national Income :
21.7 % contribution to GDP was in 2005-
06 in comparison to 3 % in UK and USA.
2. Source of livelihood :
66 % of working population are engaged
in agriculture in comparison to 2 to 3
percent in UK and USA, 6 % in France and
7 % in Australia.

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 Role of Agriculture in the Indian
Economy
3. Source of Food Supply
About 60 % of household consumption in India
is met by agricultural products. Now India is
self-sufficient in food supply.
4. Role in Industrial development
Agriculture is major source of supply of raw
material to manufacturing industries. 50 % of
income generated in Industry comes from agro
based Industries.

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 Role of Agriculture in the Indian
Economy
5. Commercial Importance :
Agriculture products namely tea, coffee, sugar,
etc. constitute 50 % of our total exports
and another 20 % contribution from agro-based
industries namely jute, cotton,sugar,
6. Source of Government Revenue :
both Central and State Government.

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 Agricultural Production
• Special emphasis was laid on the agricultural
development and modernisation of agriculture
sector in our economic planning. These
initiative led to :
1. A Steady increase in the agricultural area.
2. A Steady rise in agricultural productivity
3. A rising trend in agricultural production.

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 Growth in Area under
cultivation (million hectares)
1949-50 2005-06
• Total Area under all crops 122 166
• Area under food grains 99 121
• Area under non-food grains 23 45

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 Agricultural Productivity
(Yield per hectare)
1949-50 2005-06
• Rice (quintals) 7.1 20.9
• Wheat (Quintals) 6.6 26.1
• Coarse cereals (quintals) 4.3 12.4
• Pulses (Quintals) 4.0 5.2
• Oil seeds (quintals) 5.2 10.0
• Cotton (kgs) 95 375
• Sugar Cane (tonnes) 34 65.6
• Potato (Quintals) 66 180

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 Agricultural Production
(million tonnes)
1949-50 2005-06
All foodgrains 55 208
• Rice 24 91
• Wheat 6 70
• Coarse cereals 17 33
• Pulses 8 13
• Oil seeds 5 28
• Cotton (in bales of 170 kg. Each) 3 20
• Sugar Cane 50 278 Potato
2 24

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 Agricultural Annual Growth Rate
(Production)
percent (%)
Crops 1949-50 to 1967-68 to
1964-65 2005-06
All Crops 3.1 2.1
All food grains 3.2 2.2
All non-foodgrains 3.5 2.6
Rice 3.5 2.2
Wheat 4.0 5.0
Pulses 1.4 -0.2
Oilseeds 3.3 1.9
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 Trend in Crop Productivity:
Annual Growth Rate (%)
1949-50 to 1964-65 to
1964-65 2005-06
Rice 2.1 2.3
Wheat 1.3 3.4
Coarse cereals 1.3 1.3
Pulses 0.2 0.5
Oilseeds 0.1 1.6
Cotton 2.0 2.4
Sugarcane 1.0 1.2
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 AGRICULTURE POLICY :
Elements or Main features
1. Land Reforms
2. Consolidation of holdings and cooperation
3. Introduction of new technology
4. Involvement or participation of people
5. Agriculture price policy
6. Agriculture finance
7. Irrigation facilities

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 National Agriculture policy
document, 2000
This policy seeks to introduce economically
viable, technically sound, environmentally
non-degrading and non-hazardous and
socially acceptable use of natural resources of
the country for promoting the concept of
sustainable agriculture.
The policy seeks to achieve food and nutritional
security.

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 Agriculture policy resolution
2000
The policy has adopted coordinated
approach for bringing Green Revolution
(Crop production ) White Revolution
(Milk and dairy products) and Blue
Revolution (aqua/fish culture).
The policy argued in favour of private
sector investment and prticipation.

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 Land Reforms in India
• According to swedish economist Prof. Gunner
Myrdal “ Land reforms is a planned and
institutional reorganisation of the relation
between man and land.”
• In simple words land reform means reforms of
institutional factors related to land.
• Institutional factors include land tenure
system, land holdings, farming structure, land
distribution, intermediaries, etc.
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 Land Tenure system
• Land tenure system prevalent during
British regime are broadly classified into
three groups: Zamindari, Ryotwari and
Mahalwari. Zamindari system was
abolished after independence.
• The main feature of an Ideal land tenure
system assures right of the cultivator or
tiller over his land.
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 Need of Land Reforms in India
as felt after independence
• Presence of multiplicity of intermediaries
• Lack of adequate security of tenure
• Fixation of high rent and lack of incentive
• Large scale sub-division and fragmentation
• Unequal distribution of land
• Low productivity of land

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 Land Reforms measures
introduced in India
1. Abolition of intermediary tenure
Intermediaries like zamindars were possessing 40
percent area of the country.
Since 1948 steps were taken to abolish intermediaries
and conferring rights on land.
Conferment of rights on land benefited 3 million tenants
and sharecroppers.
The abolition of intermediaries more than 20 million
cultivators have been brought under relationship
with the state.

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 Land Reforms
• Tenancy Reforms
i) Regulation of Rent :
ii) The first five year plan stated that maximum rent should be
fixed not more than one fourth of produce. Excepting Punjab,
Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu all the States
observed it.
ii) Security of tenant :
iii) Legislations have been passed to protect tenants from
ejectment.
iii) Conferment of Ownership rights :
As a result 12.42 million tenants have acquired ownership rights
over 6.72 million hectares of land.

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 Land Reforms
Reorganisation of Agriculture
i) Redistrubution of land : Ceilings on
agricultural holdins and resdistribution
among landless agricultural workers.
The land policy declared in 1972 the ceiling for
irrigated land and unirrigated land was fixed
18 hectares and 54 hectares respectively.
ii)Consolidation of holdings
iii) Cooperative farming

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 IRRIGATION
• In 1950-51 Irrigated Area 20.9 million
hectares which accounted to 18 % of
total cropped area .
• In 1999-2000 about 94.7 million hectares
was under irrigation constituting 54
percent of total cropped area.

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 Sources of Irrigation in India
Planning Commission in 1978-79 introduced
classification of irrigation projects on the basis
of culturable command area (CCA) as follows :
1. Major Irrigation Projects : CCA more than
10,000 hectares
2. Medium Irrigation projects : CCA 2,000
hectares to 10,000 hectares.
3. Small Irrigation Projects ; CCA up to 2000
hectares

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 Development of Irrigation under
Five Year Plans

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 Agriculture economy of Chhattisgarh :
General Features
1. Agriculture economy is dependent on nature.
2 80 % of work force is engaged in agriculture sector
3. The contribution of Agriculture sector to State GDP is 33 %.
4. The total number of holdings is 2966 thousand.
5. The average size of land holding is 1.79 hectares.
6. The number of Primary Cooperative Agriculture Credit Societies
(PACS/LAMPS) is 1333.
7. Agriculture of State is characterized by mono-cropping.
8. Despite the high irrigation potential, adequate irrigation facilities
are yet to be developed.
9. Up land area occupies 50 % of total geographical inhabited by
tribal population. The fertility of the soil is poor so per hectare
yield is low.
10. The allied agricultural activities are yet to be developed.

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 Cropped Area ( 000 hectares) 2005-06

Area Percent to
Gross
cropped area

Area under Kharif crops 4756 65.9

Area under Rabi Crops 1559 34.1
Gross Cropped Area 7215 100.0
Net Cropped Area 4754 65.9
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 CROPPING PATTERN : (2005-06)
Gross Cropped Area : 7215 thousand hectares

Crop Area in 000 % to Gross

hectares cropped
area
Paddy 3470 48.1
Wheat 165 2.2
Maize 160 2.2
Kodo-kutki 147 2.0
All Pulses 1242 17.2
All oil seeds 689 9.5
AllH.other
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Crops 1342 18.8 30
 Crop Production (000 metric tons)
Crops 2001-02 2005-06 % increase
over
2001-02
Paddy (Rice) 5133 5750 12.0
Wheat 99 181 82.8
Maize 71 221 211.2
Kodo Kutki 49 37 (-) 24.6
Other cereals/millets 27 19 (-) 29.6
Gram 112 248 121.4
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 Productivity (Yield per hectare in kg.)

Crop 2001-02 2005-06 % change

Paddy 1277 1588 24.4
Wheat 1024 1127 10.0
Maize 1130 1408 24.7
Kodo-kutki 230 235 2.1
Gram 624 779 24.8
Arhar 412 630 52.9
Soyabeen 810 1030 27.2
Sugarcane 2514 2626 4.4
Cotton 121 284 134.7
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 Salient Features of Chhattisgarh Agriculture
in (2001-02 and 2005-06)
2001-02 2005-06
a) Gross cropped area (000 hectares) 5327 7215
b) Percent to total geographical area (38.7) (45.7)
The Intensity of cropping 112 % 136 %
Percent of Gross cultivated area under 17 % 27 %
Irrigation
Area under Horticulture products (000 Ha.) 188 432
Energised pump sets/tube wells 88,900 107,000
Fish Production (000 metric ton) 95.8 102.1

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 Financial Provision in Tenth Five Year Plan
(2002-07)
• A) 1. Crop Husbandry Rs. 247.48 crore
• 2. Horticulture Rs. 38.13 crore
• 3. Soil & Water conservation Rs. 15.46 crore
• 4. Animal Husbandry (including dairy dev) Rs. 89.59 crore
• 5. Fisheries Rs. 18.84 crore
• 6. Agriculture research and education Rs. 28.56 crore
• 7. Cooperation (Credit, Marketing, etc.) Rs. 95.73 crore
• ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Total A Rs. 533.79 crore

• -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• B) 1. Major and medium Irrigation facilities Rs. 1721.37 crore
• 2. Minor Irrigation Rs. 732.37 crore
• 3. Construction of wells and Micro irrigation Rs 44.27 crore
• 4. Command Area development Rs. 6.76 crore
• Total: B) Irrigation Rs. 2504.77 crore
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Programmes implemented in Tenth Five year plan

A - General :
• Priority given to complete on-going 3 major, 29 medium and 1959
minor irrigation schemes and making more effective use of
irrigation facilities.
• Effective management of natural resources for rainfed area through
Water Shed Management Assured supply of Irrigation water through
tube wells and Shakambari scheme.
• Arrangement of timely supply of necessary inputs to farmers
• Bio-fuel development programme
• Centrally sponsored Macro management scheme.
• Herbal farming : State has been declared “ Herbal State.”
• Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojna (RSVY)

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 Programs implemented in Tenth Five year
plan
B - Crop Production
• Crop Diversification in favour of commercial crops
• Seed Production and Distribution
• Sugarcane Development Programme
• Annapurna Scheme
• Surajdhara scheme
• NADEP Tank construction
• Niger development Scheme
• Development of existing Government farms
• Strengthening of soil testing and Mobile Soil testing Laboratories
• Promotion of Research and Extension services
• Soil and Water Conservation Program
• Promotion of Organic farming and bio-pesticides

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 Programs implemented in Tenth Five year
plan
C - Horticulture
• Fruit Development Program : Mango, Citruses, Guava, Lichi,
etc.
• Vegetable Development Program :
• Spices Development Program : Chillies, Ginger, Garlic,
Turmeric,
• Floriculture Promotion Program : Rose, Tuber rose, Gladiolai,
• Medicinal and Aromatic Plants : Ashwagandha, Isabgaol,
• Kitchen Garden Scheme
• Promotion of food processing Industry
• Development of Cold storage and post marketing facilities

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 Programs implemented in Tenth Five year
plan
D – Animal Husbandry
• Strengthening of Veterinary and Health Care Schemes
• Cattle and Buffalo Development Scheme
• Poultry Development scheme
• Distribution of Piggery units on exchange basis
• Distribution of sheep unit
• Feed and Fodder Development Scheme
• Dairy Development
a) Strengthening of the dairy cooperative societies
b) Milk Procurement
c) Plant Operation : Plant at Raipur and Raigarh
d) Marketing

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 Programs implemented in Tenth Five year
plan
E – Fisheries
The State has 1.538 lakh hectare water area in the form of village ponds,
irrigation tanks and reservoirs, out of which 1.335 lakh hectares is
under fish culture.
Schemes:
• Creation of additional water resources
• Training of fish farmers
• Fish seed Production program
• Fresh Water Prawn Culture
• Insurance cover to Fisherman

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 Programs implemented in Tenth Five year
plan

F – Cooperation
• Investment in share capital of 1333 PACS/LAMPS
• Investment in share capital of 6 Distt. Central Cooperative Banks
• Share capital for Primary Distt. Cooperative Agr. & R.D. Bank
• Implementation of Integrated Cooperative Development Project
(ICDP)
• Construction of Godown
• Cooperative Sugar Mill ( Balod & Kawardha )
• Development of Primary Marketing Societies

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 Problems
1. Monsoon rainfall is erratic.
2. Irrigation facilities are inadequate and protective in nature.
3. Intensity of Cropping is low.
4. Per hectare yield of crops is low.
5. Per worker productivity are low due to large workforce
dependent on agriculture.
6. Investment in agriculture is also low.
7. The area under horticulture crops and its yield is also low . The
allied agricultural activities are yet to be developed.
8. Problem of development in Naxal affected 40 development blocks

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 SUGGESTIONS
• Covering farmers under National Agriculture Insurance
Scheme
• Creation of additional irrigation potential and speedy
implementation of irrigation projects
• Increasing Intensity of Cropping
• Development of Agro-based Industries for value addition
employment generation
• Improvement of traditional tribal crops for increasing
nutrition & Health
• Speedy implementation of Bio-diesel development
Program
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