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Chapter 5
Joint Probability Distributions
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Joint Probability
Distributions
CHAPTER OUTLINE
5-1 Two or More Random Variables 5-2 Covariance and Correlation
5-1.1 Joint Probability Distributions 5-3 Common Joint Distributions
5-1.2 Marginal Probability Distributions 5-3.1 Multinomial Probability Distribution
5-1.3 Conditional Probability Distributions 5-3.2 Bivariate Normal Distribution
5-1.4 Independence 5-4 Linear Functions of Random Variables
5-1.5 More Than Two Random Variables 5-5 General Functions of Random Variables
5-6 Moment Generating Functions
0.001x 0.002 y
0.002 y 0.001x
f XY x, y dydx ke dy dx k e dy e dx
00 00
e0.002 x 0.001x
k e dx 0.003 e 0.003 x
dx
0
0.002 0
1
0.003 1
0.003
f X x f xy
y = Res pons e x = Number of Bars of
time(neares t S ignal S trength
y s econd) 1 2 3 f (y )
fY y f xy
1 0.01 0.02 0.25 0.28
2 0.02 0.03 0.20 0.25
x 3 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.17
4 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.30
f (x ) 0.20 0.25 0.55 1.00
2000
P Y 2000 f XY x, y dy dx f XY x, y dy dx
0 2000 2000 x
Dark region left dark region right dark region
e
0.001 x y
e 0.002 y e 0.003 y
ke 0.002 y
6 103
0.001 0 0.002 2000 0.003 2000
e 4 e 6
1 e 0.001 y
6 10 3
0.05
ke 0.002 y 0.002 0.003
0.001
6 103 e 0.002 y 1 e 0.001 y for y 0
E X x fX x
R
V X x 2 f X x X2
R
E Y y fY y
R
V Y y 2 fY y Y2
R
e 0.002 y
ke 0.001x
0.002
x
e 0.002
0.001x
ke
0.002
0.003e 0.003 x for x 0
f XY x, y ke 0.001x 0.002 y
fY x y
f X ( x) 0.003e 0.003 x
0.002e0.002 x 0.002 y for 0 x and x y
Sec 5-1.3 Conditional Probability Distributions 16
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example 5-6: Conditional Probability-2
Now find the probability that Y exceeds 2000 given that X=1500:
P Y 2000 X 1500
fY 1500 y dy
2000
0.002 1500 0.002 y
2000
0.002e
e 0.002 y
0.002e3
0.002 2000
e 4
1
0.002e
3
e 0.368
0.002
Sec 5-1.3 Conditional Probability Distributions 17
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mean & Variance of Conditional Random Variables
V Y x y Y x
2
fY x y y 2 fY x y Y2 x
y y
e 0.002 y
e 0.002 y
0.002e y
3
dy
0.002 1500 1500
0.002
0.002 y
3 1500 3 e
0.002e e
0.002 0.002 0.002
1500
1500 3 e 3
0.002e 3
e
0.002 0.002 0.002
e 3
0.002e 3
2000 2000
0.002
If the connect time is 1500 ms, then the expected time to be authorized is 2000 ms.
Sec 5-1.3 Conditional Probability Distributions 19
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example 5-9
For the discrete random variables in Exercise 5-1,
what is the conditional mean of Y given X=1?
y = Res pons e x = Numbe r of Bars
time(neares t of S ignal S trength f (y )
s econd) 1 2 3
1 0.01 0.02 0.25 0.28
2 0.02 0.03 0.20 0.25
3 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.17
4 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.30
f (x ) 0.20 0.25 0.55 y*f(y|x=1) y2*f(y|x=1)
1 0.050 0.080 0.455 0.05 0.05
2 0.100 0.120 0.364 0.20 0.40
3 0.100 0.400 0.091 0.30 0.90
4 0.750 0.400 0.091 3.00 12.00
Sum of f(y|x) 1.000 1.000 1.000 3.55 13.35
12.6025
0.7475
The mean number of attempts given one bar is 3.55 with variance of 0.7475.
Sec 5-1.3 Conditional Probability Distributions 20
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Independent Random Variables
For random variables X and Y, if any one of the
following properties is true, the others are also true.
Then X and Y are independent.
P (X2 = 0) = f x1x2 x3(3,0,0) + f x1x2 x3(0,0,3) + f x1x2 x3(1,0,2) + f x1x2 x3(2,0,1) = 0.4
P (X2 = 1) = f x1x2 x3(2,1,0) + f x1x2 x3(0,1,2) + f x1x2 x3(1,1,1) = 0.3
P (X2 = 2) = f x1x2 x3(1,2,0) + f x1x2 x3(0,2,1) = 0.2
P (X2 = 3) = f x1x2 x3(0,3,0) = 0.1
Therefore,
Joint
2 1 0.1 0.2 -0.2 0.00
2 2 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.02
3 3 0.4 1.2 1.8 0.88
0 0.2 covariance = 1.260
1 0.2 correlation = 0.926
2 0.2
Marginal
3 0.4 Note the strong
0 0.2 positive correlation.
1 0.2
2 0.2
3 0.4
μX = 1.8
Mean
μY = 1.8
Figure 5-13 Discrete joint σX = 1.1662
StDev
1 2
4 2
E XY x y dx dy
E X
16 0 0
x ydx dy 16 0 0
1
4 3 2
x 3 2 2 x
1
4
y dy
y dy 16 0 3 0
16 0 3 0
4
1 8
1 y 2 8 1 16 4
4
y 2 dy
16 0 3
16 2 0 3 6 2 3
1 y3 1 64 32
4
1
4 2
E Y xy 2 dx dy 6 3
0
6 3 9 Figure 5-15 A planar
16 0 0 joint distribution.
2 2
XY E XY E X .E Y
4
1 2 x
y dy
16 0 2 0
32 4 8
0
9 3 3
2 y 3 1 64 8
4
16 3 0 8 3 3
20!
P X 1 12, X 2 6, X 3 2, X 4 0 0.6120.360.08 20.02 0 0.0358
12!6!2!0!
Using Excel
0.03582 = (FACT(20)/(FACT(12)*FACT(6)*FACT(2))) * 0.6^12*0.3^6*0.08^2
1
f XY x, y; X , X , Y , Y , e u
2 X Y 1 2
1 x X 2 2 x X y Y y Y 2
where u
2 1 2 X X Y Y
2 2
for x and y .
x 0, x ,
Parameter limits: 1 1
y 0, y ,
fXY(x,y;σX,σY,μX,μY,ρ)
Y
Y x Y x X
X
Y2 x Y2 1 2
Answer:
SD Y 0.20 0.4472 cm
14.5 14
P Y 14.5 1 1 1.1180 0.1318
.4472
Using Excel
0.1318 = 1 - NORMDIST(14.5, 14, SQRT(0.2), TRUE)
fY(y) = fX[u(y)]∙|J|
where J = u’(y) is called the Jacobian of the
transformation and the absolute value of J is used.
fY y
y 4 2 1 y 4
for 4 y 12.
8 2 32
X r f ( x), X discrete
'r E ( X )
r
r
X f ( x)dx, X continuous
e f ( x)dx, X continuous
d r M X (t )
'r r
|t 0
dt
Sec 5-6 Moment Generating Functions 58
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example 5-36 Moment-Generating Function for a Binomial Random Variable-
1
n
Let X follows a binomial distribution, that is f ( x) p x (1 p )n x , x 0,1,...., n
x
Determine the moment generating function and use it to verify that the
mean and variance of the binomial random variable are μ=np and
σ2=np(1-p).
The moment-generating function is
n
n x n
n t x
M X (t ) e p (1 p ) ( pe ) (1 p) n x
tx n x
x 0 x x 0 x
1 ( et 1) 2 ( et 1)
Hence for X1 and X2, M X1 (t ) e and M X 2 (t ) e
Using M Y (t ) M X1 (t ).M X 2 (t ). ... .M X n (t ) , the moment-generating
function of Y = X1 + X2 is
M Y (t ) M X1 (t ).M X 2 (t )
1 ( et 1) 2 ( et 1)
e e
( 1 2 )( et 1)
e
Sec 5-6 Moment Generating Functions 62
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Important Terms & Concepts for Chapter 5
Bivariate distribution
Bivariate normal distribution General functions of random
Conditional mean variables
Conditional probability density Independence
function Joint probability density
Conditional probability mass function
function Joint probability mass function
Conditional variance Linear functions of random
Contour plots variables
Correlation Marginal probability distribution
Covariance Multinomial distribution
Error propagation Reproductive property of the
normal distribution
Chapter 5 Summary 63
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.