CHA PT E R 1

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
(PART C)
 There are a few objectives that you
should achieve from this
presentation

• UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL

ARCHITECTURE

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THREE LEVEL ANSI-SPARC
ARCHITECTURE

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 View 1 View 2 View 3
LEVEL 1 : EXTERNAL LAYER

LEVEL 2 : CONCEPTUAL LAYER Conceptual

Schema

LEVEL 3 : EXTERNAL LAYER Internal

Schema

Database

ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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 View 1 View 2 View 3
LEVEL 1 : EXTERNAL LAYER

• users’ view of the database.

• describes that part of the database Conceptual
that is relevant to each user Schema

Internal
Schema

• Different user might need to view data differently.

Database

ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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 View 1 View 2 View 3
LEVEL 2 : CONCEPTUAL LAYER

• community view of the database.

• describes what data is stored in the database
Conceptual
and the relationships among the data. Schema

Internal
Schema
• Contain whole data about entity

Database

ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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 View 1 View 2 View 3
LEVEL 3 : INTERNAL LAYER

• physical representation of the database on

the computer. Conceptual
• describes how the data is stored in the Schema
database

Internal
Schema

Database

ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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ANSI-SPARC THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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OBJECTIVES OF THREE-
LEVEL ARCHITECTURE
1 All users should be able to access same data.

A user's view is immune to changes made in other

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views.

Users should not need to know physical database

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storage details.

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OBJECTIVES OF THREE-
LEVEL ARCHITECTURE
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DBA should be able to change database storage
structures without affecting the users' views.

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Internal structure of database should be unaffected
by changes to physical aspects of storage.

DBA should be able to change conceptual structure of

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database without affecting all users.

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DATA INDEPENDENCE AND THE ANSI-SPARC THREE-
LEVEL ARCHITECTURE

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DATA INDEPENDENCE
• All objectives of three level architecture is to support main objectives that is DATA
INDEPENDENCE

• Data independence refer to the situation where upper levels are unaffected by
changes of lower levels

• There are 2 category of DATA INDEPENDENCE that are :

LOGICAL DATA PHYSICAL DATA

INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE

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LOGICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE

Logical data dependence

• Refers to immunity of external External External External
schemas to changes in Schema 1 Schema 2 Schema 3
conceptual schema.

• Conceptual schema changes Mapping

conceptual Conceptual
(e.G. Addition/removal of to external Schema
entities).

• Should not require changes to Internal

external schema or rewrites of
Schema
application programs.

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PHYSICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE

• Refers to immunity of External External External

conceptual schema to changes Schema 1 Schema 2 Schema 3
in the internal schema.

• Internal schema changes (e.g.

Physical data dependence

using different file organizations, Conceptual
storage structures/devices). Schema
Mapping
• Should not require change to internal to
conceptual or external schemas. conceptual
Internal
Schema

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 Write up a summary of
what you have learn this
week in your website

REFLECTION Include a Sketch of

mind-map

Put your link of website

in online forum :
Reflection week 1

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