GEARS AND GEAR

TRAINS
DUQUE, LOUIE
FAJARDO, ANTHONY
JIMENEZ, ANTON
PEREIRA, IVANNA
PEREZ, REYVEN
QUIAPO, AIREEN
TADIQUE, GERALINE
GEARS
“ TOY TOP

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 RADIO-CONTROLLED

“ MODELLED CAR

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“
STAND MIXER

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HISTORY OF
GEARS
• Archimedes drew a
• Gears were already in diagram of a hoist that was
use in the 350 B.C. driven with a set of worm
and worm wheel.
(about 2,300 years ago).

• One of Aristotle's writings

includes a description
about a gear.
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HISTORY OF
GEARS

▪ ANCIENT GEARS
AT THE CTESIPHON
ARCHEOLOGICAL
SITE IN IRAQ

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HISTORY OF
GEARS
▪ In Japan, gears were in
use in the Edo period
(1603~1867)
as a power source
for flour milling in
waterwheels.

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HISTORY OF
GEARS

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LEONARDO DA VINCI
(1451~1519)

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Leonardo's sketching (500 KHK Stock Gears (the present)

years ago)

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Leonardo's sketching (500 years KHK Stock Gears (the present)
ago)

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Leonardo's sketching (500 years KHK Stock Gears (the present)
ago)

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Leonardo's sketching (500 years KHK Stock Gears (the present)
ago)

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THE
ROLES
OF GEARS
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 ABOUT GEARS

The Roles
of Gears

© 2018 Slidefabric.com All rights reserved. P A G E 16

CONFIGURATION
PARALLEL AXES

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CONFIGURATION
INTERSECTING AXES

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 CONFIGURATION

Non-parallel, non-intersecting axes

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CONFIGURATION
OTHERS

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 STRONG POINTS ABOUT
“ GEARS

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 Good gears are considered to
GEAR be:
① Small and light
ACCURACY ② Able to transmit
AND STRENGTH high power and
forces
③ Quiet
④ Durable

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GEAR TRAINS
BACKGROUND
 GEAR TRAIN

▪ A GEAR TRAIN is a mechanical

system formed by mounting gears
on a frame so the teeth of the gears
engage.
▪ The GEAR TEETH are designed to
ensure the pitch circles of engaging
gears roll on each other without
slipping 28
GEAR TRAINS BACKGROUND

▪ Definition
▪ History Background
▪ Field of Application
▪ Importance
▪ Impact in the Industry

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 HISTORY
▪ The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced
back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot
of China.

▪ Scientist Georgius Agricola 30

 HISTORY
▪ The implementation of the involute tooth
yielded a standard gear design that provides
a constant speed ratio.
▪ The involute gear profile was a
fundamental advance in machine design,
since unlike with other gear systems, the
tooth profile of an involute gear depends
only on the number of teeth on the gear,
pressure angle, and pitch.
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FIELD OF APPLICATION

Conveyors Lathe
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FIELD OF APPLICATION

Aircraft Automotives Prime Movers

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FIELD OF APPLICATION

Ship Hulls Injection Molding

Machines 34
FIELD OF APPLICATION

Transportation Robotics
Systems 35
IMPORTANCE OF GEAR TRAINS

▪ Gear train is important in the industry especially in automotive. The

transmission of an automotive uses a number of different sets of gears
that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds.

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IMPACT OF GEAR TRAINS IN THE INDUSTRY

Gear trains with different designs play very important roles in

automobiles, helicopters, wind turbines, and other modern industries. Without
vibration health monitoring to ensure proper operation performance will
degrade.

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GEAR DESIGN
CONDITIONS
VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF GEAR DESIGN AND THE
CONDITIONS FOR DETERMINING ELEMENTS

▪ Dimensional Considerations
▪ Amount and Direction of Force Considerations
▪ Usage and Handling Considerations
▪ Conditions Concerning the Manufacturing and
Economy
▪ Environmental Conditions of Gear Usage
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DIMENSIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

CENTER DISTANCE OF THE SHAFTS

Normally gears matching the center distance between the shafts is
used, but there are occasions when profile shifting is used.

AVAILABLE SPACE FOR MOUNTING GEARS

The decisions on tooth widths and outside diameters are
affected by this.
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AMOUNT AND DIRECTION OF FORCE
CONSIDERATIONS
THE AMOUNT OF FORCE TRANSMISSION AND THE
REQUIRED STRENGTH OF GEARS
Chiefly conditions affecting bending and tooth surface strengths
which are determined by material, pitch, pressure angle, profile
shifting amount, tooth width, heat treating methods, etc.

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AMOUNT AND DIRECTION OF FORCE
CONSIDERATIONS
DIRECTION OF FORCE TRANSMISSION
Affects the decision of tooth helix direction and type of gears (e.g. use
of racks for linear motion).

DESIRED SPEED RATIO

Determined by the choices of numbers of teeth.

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USAGE AND HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS

DURABILITY OF GEARS
Since it is mostly determined by the bending and tooth surface strengths,
it influences the decision on material, pitch, pressure angle, profile shifting
amount, tooth width, heat treating methods, etc.

RELATED TO THE WEIGHT AND MAINTAINABILITY

Determines mainly the size, form, material (specific gravity), and
method of shaft attachment.

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USAGE AND HANDLING CONSIDERATIONS

RELATED TO NOISE AND VIBRATION

Affects the decisions chiefly on precision grade, need for tooth grinding,
use of crowning or end relief, material, amount of backlash and lubrication
method.

RELATED TO SHOCK AT START AND STOP TIME

Related to gear strength so that it is influenced by material, pitch,
pressure angle, profile shifting amount, tooth width, heat treating methods,
etc.
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CONDITIONS CONCERNING THE
MANUFACTURING AND ECONOMY
EASE OF PRODUCTION AND POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF
AVAILABLE PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Influenced by manufacturing method, size and many other elements.
MANUFACTURING COST
Affects choices of material, use of gear grinding, surface finish, precision
class, etc.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF GEAR USAGE

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

Influences the selection of material, kind of surface treatment, etc.

CLEANLINESS AND SANITARY CONSIDERATIONS

Determines material, type of surface treatment, lubrication method, etc.

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BASIC KNOWLEDGE
OF THE MECHANICAL
DESIGN OF GEARS
GEARING FALLS ROUGHLY INTO
THE FOLLOWING FIVE
CATEGORIES:

Spur Gear Bevel Gear Helical Gear

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GEARING FALLS ROUGHLY INTO
THE FOLLOWING FIVE
CATEGORIES:

Screw Gear Worm and Worm Wheel

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INVOLUTE FUNCTION

▪   the pressure angle α of the optional point P’ on the involute curve is

When
shown,

So, if 20°,

The formula above is expressed as , and is used to calculate tooth

thickness.

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FORMULA FOR GEARING

A▪ pressure
  angle of 20° is the JIS standard.
m (module) : tooth size (mm)
P0 : pitch diameter (mm)
Dk : tip diameter (mm)
Z : number of tooth
Ca : center distance (mm)
In this case,

m becomes bigger as the number of tooth is fewer.

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FORMULA FOR GEARING
Also,
▪  
Thus, the tooth tip is 1*m from pitch diameter, and 1.25*m to the tooth bottom.
The bottoms of intermeshing gears interfere, so the minimum number of teeth is:

(αc is tool pressure angle)

When αc is 20°, Zg becomes 17.

The interference of tooth bottoms of gears is called “undercut”. Any slight undercut is normal and the
minimum number of teeth is 14.

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SIMPLIFIED DESIGN METHOD FOR GEAR

▪ When setting center distance Ca and speed ratio, the outline of the
module is also set based on transmitting power.
▪ Choose the number of teeth for the small pinion (minimum is 14) and
determine the number of teeth of the big gear by the speed ratio.
▪ Calculate the pitch diameter and adjust the number of teeth until the
sum of half of each pitch diameter matches the speed ratio.

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GEAR CUTTING

GENERATING METHOD
In the generating method, involute tooth is shaped by rack type or
pinion type cutter based on the principal of an involute curve.
FORMING METHOD
In the forming method, the gear is cut by a plain milling machine,
using disc shaped gear cutter that matches the gear tooth groove.

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DESIGNING CONDITIONS IN CHOOSING A TIMING
BELT FROM COMMERCIAL ITEMS
▪ Machine type
▪ Transmitting power (rated output of motors)
▪ Extent of load variation
▪ Operating hours per day
▪ Rotation speed of small pulley
▪ Speed ratio (big pulley / small pulley)
▪ Tentative distance between two axes
▪ Operating conditions (temperature, humidity)
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PARTS OF A SPUR
GEAR
PARTS OF A SPUR GEAR
Radial
  Distances:
a = Addendum (Add)
b = Dedendum (Ded)
Whole Depth = a+b
C = clearance
Working Depth = whole Depth + C
Arc Distances:
= tooth thickness (circular pitch)
= tooth space
bl = backlash = -
= circular pitch = + =
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SPUR GEAR TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top
of the tooth.
▪ Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
bottom of the tooth.
▪ Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is
concentric with the pitch circle.
▪ Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would
give the same motion as the actual gear.
▪ Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter.
It is denoted by Pd. Pd = T/D
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SPUR GEAR TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called
root circle.
▪ Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth. It is usually
denoted by m. Mathematically, Module, m = D / T The recommended series of modules
are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50.
▪ Clearance. It is the radial distance equal to the difference between the dedendum and
addendum, in a meshing gear.
▪ Whole depth or Total Depth. It is the radial distance between the addendum and the
dedendum circle of a gear. It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum.
▪ Working depth. It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is
equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears. 59
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SPUR GEAR TERMINOLOGIES
▪ Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle.
▪ Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the
pitch circle.
▪ Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured
on the pitch circle.
▪ Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth.
▪ Face of the tooth. It is surface of the tooth above the pitch surface.
▪ Top land. It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
▪ Flank of the tooth. It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch surface.
▪ Face width. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis. 61
PROCESS ON HOW TO
DRAW SPUR GEAR
STEP 1
Example
  given data: number of teeth (T) = 14
module (m) = 25mm
pressure angle =20 degree
1. Draw the pitch circle radius. Pcr =
2. Draw a tangent to the pitch circle.
3. Draw the pressure angle of 20 degree from
the point of tangency. This gives the line of
action.
4. Draw the base circle tangential to the line of
action.
5. Draw the addendum circle.
Addendum circle = Pcr + the addendum.
6. Draw the dedendum circle.
Dedendum circle = Pcr - the dedendum.

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STEP 2
1. Mark position A and B on the
addendum and base circle.
2. Divide the distance AB into 3 equal
parts, AC = AB/3
3. From C draw a tangent to the base
circle. This gives the point D.
4. Divide CD into four equal parts.
DE=EC/3
5. Draw an arc from E through C from
the addendum circle to the
dedendum circle. Draw in the fillet
radius to complete this part of
tooth.
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STEP 3
1.  Draw an arc from O through E, this arc
will contain the centre of each tooth.
2. Swing the tooth thickness arc from C to
cut the pitch circle . This point is on the
opposite face of the same tooth.
Circular tooth thickness =
3. Draw the profile radius EC from G to
find the centre of the profile arcs. Which
is point H.
4. From H swing the profile radius EC, this
gives the other side of the tooth.
5. Draw an arc from O to the top of the
tooth edge to give the complete tooth
form. Since each tooth is the same ,
repeat this process to draw all the teeth
on the spur gear. 65
HOW TO MAKE THE SPUR GEAR USING
FUSION 360.
STEP 1

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STEP 2

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PROCESS TO MAKE
HELICAL GEAR IN
FUSION 360
STEP 1

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STEP 1

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STEP 2

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IF THE HELICAR GEAR NOT APPEAR IN
CREATE PATTERNS.

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STEP 3

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YOUTUBE LINK FOR HOW TO MAKE
HELICAL GEAR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErGEPiIv75E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErGEPiIv75E

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MODERN
APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
GEARS
 SPUR GEAR

▪ -are a type of cylindrical gear, with

shafts that are parallel and coplanar,
and teeth that are straight and
oriented parallel to the shafts.

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 APPLICATIONS

▪ Spur gears can be used to increase

or decrease the torque, power, and
speed of a given object. 
▪ For example, they are used in
mechanical clocks to adjust the
relative speeds of the second,
minute and hour hands.
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 HELIX GEAR

▪ the teeth of a helical gear are set at

an angle and take the shape of a
helix. This allows the teeth to mesh
gradually, starting as point contact
and developing into line contact as
engagement progresses. 

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 APPLICATIONS

▪ Helical gears can take higher loads

than spur gear. Its motion is more
quiet and smooth which makes it
ideal for heavy load application like
transmission gear box

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 BEVEL GEAR

▪ are those that use two conical

toothed wheels to transfer power
between axes that are cut within the
same space

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 APPLICATIONS

▪ Bevel gears are used as the main

mechanism for a Hand drill. bevel
gears in a hand drill have the added
advantage of increasing the speed of
rotation of the chuck and this makes
it possible to drill a range of
materials.
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 WORM GEAR

▪ is a gear consisting of a shaft with a

spiral thread that engages with and
drives a toothed wheel.

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 APPLICATIONS

▪ worm gears can often be found in

the machinery of common elevators
because of their compact size and
non-reversible properties.

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