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Retaining Wall
Retaining Wall
Session Number : 3
Date : 02.04.2007
Subject Expert :
Dr. M.C. Nataraja
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering,
Mysore – 570 006.
Phone:0821-2343521, 9880447742
E-mail: nataraja96@yahoo.com
1
DESIGN AND DETAILING
OF RETAINING WALLS
Learning Outcomes:
• After this class students will be able to do the
complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls.
2
RETAINING WALL
GL2
aesthetic landscaping
purposes.
3
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
4
Photos of Retaining walls
5
Classification of
Retaining walls
6
Classification of Retaining walls
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
7
Earth Pressure (P)
Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by
the retaining material on the retaining
wall. This pressure tends to deflect the GL
wall outward.
10
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure
= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
= Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
11
Backfill with sloping surface
13
Check against overturning
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
14
Check against Sliding
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
15
Design of Shear key
In case the wall is unsafe
against sliding
16
Design of Shear key-Contd.,
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Rankine’s formula:
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 sin
SBC 2 Df
= ka
γ
20
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400
mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H,
0.6H to 0.75H for surcharged H
wall
H/10 –
Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14 tp= (1/3-1/4)b H/14
21
Behaviour or structural action
Behaviour or
structural action and
design of stem, heel
and toe slabs are
same as that of any
cantilever slab.
22
Design of Cantilever RW
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
23
Curtailment of bars
Ldt αl to h2
Ast
h2 Ast1 h12
i.e. 2
Ast/2 Ast Ast 2 h2
Provided
Ast
Cross section Curtailment curve
24
Design of Heel and Toe
25
Design Example
Cantilever retaining wall
26
Cantilever RW design
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, μ=0.6, φ=30°
27
Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining wall [H]
200
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation
h1 h
H
2
SBC 1 sin
Df =
1 sin Df
b
= 1.23m say 1.2m ,
Therefore H= 5.2m
28
Proportioning of wall
Thickness of base slab=(1/10 to1/14)H 200
31
Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem steel) 200
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
b= 3000 mm
Distribution steel
= 0.12% GA = 0.12x450 x 1000/100
= 540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
32
Check for shear
200
33
Stability analysis
Distance BM about A
Load Magnitude, kN
from A, m kN-m
Stem W1 0.2x4.75x1x25 = 23.75 1.1 26.13
½ x0.25x4.75x1x25 0.75 + 2/3x0.25
Stem W2 13.60
= 14.84 =0.316
B. slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25=33.75 1.5 50.63
Back fill, 1.8x4.75x1x18
2.1 323.20
W4 = 153.9
Total ΣW= 226.24 ΣMR=413.55
Earth Pre.
PH =0.333x18x5.22/2 H/3 =5.2/3 MO=140.05
=PH
34
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Forces acting
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin. on the wall
Pmax 30.16 and the
kN/m2
120.6 24.1 pressure
kN/m2 97.99
22.6 below the wall
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
35
Stability checks
Check for overturning
FOS = ΣMR/ MO= 2.94 >1.55 safe
36
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
24.1
97.99
22.6
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
Development length:
Ld=47 φbar
=47 x 16 = 752mm
H=5200 mm
Distribution steel
Same, #10 @ 140
< 450 mm and 5d ok x
Ldt=752
x
39
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
200
Check for shear at junction (Tension)
Maximum shear =V=105.17 kN,
VU,max= 157.76 kN,
Development length:
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 10 = 470 mm
42
Design of toe slab-Contd.,
Check for shear: at d from junction (at xx as
wall is in compression) 200
Drainage
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem
for back drain.
44
Drawing and detailing
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
BOTTOM
STEEL
TOP
STEEL
46
Important Points for drawing
Note
1. Adopt a suitable scale such as 1:20
2. Show all the details and do neat drawing
3. Show the development length for all bars at the junction
4. Name the different parts such as stem, toe, heel,
backfill, weep holes, blanket, etc.,
5. Show the dimensions of all parts
6. Detail the steel in all the drawings
7. Lines with double headed arrows represents the
development lengths in the cross section
47
Design and Detailing of Counterfort
Retaining wall
49
Parts of CRW
• Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall Plus
Counterfort
Stem Counterforts
Toe Heel
Base slab
Cross section Plan
50
Design of Stem
• The stem acts as a continuous slab
• Soil pressure acts as the load on the
slab. BF
• Earth pressure varies linearly over
the height
• The slab deflects away from the
earth face between the counterforts
• The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces
towards top.
• But the thickness of the wall is kept p=Kaγh
constant and only the area of steel is
reduced.
51
Maximum Bending moments for stem
52
Design of Toe Slab
The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H
The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width.
The toe slab is subjected to an upward soil
reaction and is designed as a cantilever H
slab fixed at the front face of the stem.
Reinforcement is provided on earth face
along the length of the toe slab.
In case the toe slab projection is large i.e. >
b/3, front counterforts are provided
above the toe slab and the slab is
designed as a continuous horizontal slab b
spanning between the front counterforts.
53
Design of Heel Slab
54
Design of Counterforts
• The counterforts are subjected to
outward reaction from the stem.
• This produces tension along the
outer sloping face of the counterforts.
• The inner face supporting the stem is
in compression. Thus counterforts
are designed as a T-beam of varying
depth. C T
• The main steel provided along the
sloping face shall be anchored d
properly at both ends.
• The depth of the counterfort is
measured perpendicular to the
sloping side.
55
Behaviour of Counterfort RW
-M
+M
Important points
•Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT
•Deflected shape
STEM
•Nature of BMs
•Position of steel
-M
•Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
56
57
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