Chapter 16 Summer 2020

Chapter 16
Acid-Base Equilibria and

Solubility Equilibria
The Common Ion Effect
What happens if you have a solution of HF and add in
some solid NaF?
◦ Do the two give anything in common when placed into
water?
◦ How would the [H+] change? Why?
What happens if you have a solution of NH3 and add in

some solid NH4Cl?
◦ Do the two give anything in common when placed into
water?
◦ How would the [OH-] change? Why?
Section 16.2 2
The Common Ion Effect
The F- and NH4+ represent common ions.
◦ F- comes from both NaF and HF.
◦ NH4+ comes from both NH4Cl and NH3.
The common ion effect is simply another

application of Le Chatelier’s Principle from
Chapter 14.
Section 16.2 3
Common Ion Effect For Weak Acids
HA(aq) <---> H+(aq) + A-(aq)
Section 16.2 4
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equations
 Useful
for dealing with solutions containing a
conjugate acid/base pair.
◦ pH = pKa + log([Cong. Base]/[Cong. Acid])
 where pKa = - log Ka of the weak acid.
◦ pOH = pKb + log([Cong. Acid]/[Cong. Base])

 where pKb = - log Kb of the weak base.
◦ These are basically of the one equation, one unknown variety

of problems.
 How do you recognize a conjugate acid/base pair?
Section 16.2 5
Buffer Solutions
Buffers resist changes in pH brought about by
addition of a strong acid or strong base.
Must contain a weak acid and a weak base,
commonly a conjugate weak acid/weak base pair.
◦ HA(aq) + OH-(aq) → A-(aq) + H2O(l)
◦ A-(aq) + H+(aq) → HA(aq)
◦ In effect, what has the buffer done to the strong acid and
strong base?
Section 16.3 6
Buffer Solutions
Why don’t a strong acid and its conjugate

base make a buffer (or a strong base and
its conjugate acid)?
Section 16.3 7
Buffer Solutions
Section 16.3 8
Reactions of Buffers
Section 16.3 9
Buffer Solution Problems
Type 1: There is only a conjugate weak
acid/weak base pair present.
◦ No reaction taking place.
◦ One equation, one unknown problems
centered around the Henderson-Hasselbach
equation.
Section 16.3 10
Buffer Solution Problem #1
What is the pH of 30.0 mL of a solution
containing 0.400 M HF and 0.300 M NaF?
Section 16.3 11
 You are asked for pH. Think acid, base problem. Two
compounds are present, HF and NaF. They differ by a
proton, and neither are a strong acid or strong base. They
are a buffer. Do a HH problem.
CB
pH  pK a  log pK a  - log 7.1 10 - 4  3.15
CA
0.400 M HF  CA and 0.300 M F -  CB
0.300
pH  3.15  log  3.03
0.400
Section 16.3 12
A reaction takes place between the buffer and a
strong acid or strong base.
◦ Best performed by a start, let the reaction take place,
what is left over with approach.
 Very similar to a start, change, equilibrium problem, but done in
units of moles.
 Use the two generic buffer reactions.

 HA(aq) + OH-(aq) → A-(aq) + H2O(l) (for rxn with st base)
 A-(aq) + H+(aq) → HA(aq) or (for rxn with st acid)

 B(aq) + H+(aq) → BH+(aq)
 Focus in on what you are left with.
Section 16.3 13
Reaction of Buffer Solution Problems #2
A. You are left with only weak acid and weak
base.
◦ Henderson-Hasselbach equation.
B. You are left with strong acid or strong base.
◦ Find molarity of excess strong reagent, and determine
pH or pOH as needed.
C. You are left with only the weak conjugate.
◦ Perform a start, change, equilibrium problem using
the hydrolysis of the weak conjugate.
Section 16.3 14
Buffer Solution Problem #2A
You react 30.0 mL of a solution containing
0.400 M HF and 0.300 M NaF with 20.0 ml of
0.300 M NaOH. What is the pH of the
resulting solution?
Section 16.3 15
 You are asked for pH. Think acid, base problem.
You see three compounds, two of them differing
by a H+ and the third a strong acid or strong base.
This is a reaction of a buffer problem.
 The strong component is a strong base, so write

the generic equation for a buffer reacting with a
strong base. See slide #13.
 Proceed with a start, react, left over with table in

units of moles.
Section 16.3 16
HA(aq) + OH-(aq) → A-(aq) + H2O(l)
Start 0.012 mol 0.006 mol 0.009 mol
React -0.006 mol -0.006 mol +0.006 mol
Left 0.006 mol 0 0.015 mol
You are left with a CA and its CB, and nothing else, a buffer, so
do a HH problem.
CB
pH  pK a  log pK a  - log 7.1 10 - 4  3.15
CA
No need to convert to molarity.
0.015
pH  3.15  log  3.55
0.006
Section 16.3 18
Buffer Solution Problem #2C
0.400 M HF and 0.300 M NaF with 40.0 mL of
0.300 M NaOH. What is the pH of the resulting
solution?
Section 16.3 19
You see three compounds, two of them differing by
a H+ and the third a strong acid or strong base. This
is a reaction of a buffer problem.
 Thestrong component is a strong base, so write the

generic equation for a buffer reacting with a strong
base.

units of moles.
Section 16.3 20
React -0.012 mol -0.012 mol +0.012 mol
Left 0 0 0.021 mol
You are left with only a weak conjugate base, so

do a start, change, equilibrium table problem.
Remember to convert to molarity. This is now
just like a hydrolysis of a basic salt problem.
Section 16.3 22
B(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Start 0.021mol/0.070 0 0
L
Change -x +x +x
Equilibriu 0.30 M x x
m
 -
- -11 [BH ][OH ] [x][x]
K b F  1.4  10 (from K a )  
[B] [0.30]
x  2.05  10 -6  [OH- ] pOH  5.69 pH  8.31
Section 16.3 24
Reaction of Buffer Solution Problem #2B
0.400 M HF and 0.300 M NaF with 50.0 mL of
0.300 M NaOH. What is the pH of the resulting
solution?
Section 16.3 25
Buffer Solution Problem #2B
You see three compounds, two of them differing by
a H+ and the third a strong acid or strong base. This
is a reaction of a buffer problem.
 Thestrong component is a strong base, so write the

generic equation for a buffer reacting with a strong
base.

units of moles.
Section 16.3 26
Buffer Solution Problem #2B
React -0.012 mol -0.012 mol +0.012 mol
Left 0 0.003 mol 0.021 mol
You are left with both a strong base, OH-, and a

weak conjugate base. The strong base wins out.
Determine the molarity of the OH-, and find
pOH then pH.
0.0030 mol OH-
 0.0375 M OH-
0.080 L
pOH  - log 0.0375  1.43 pH  12.57
Section 16.3 28
Preparing a Buffer Solution
 pH of a buffer depends upon the ratio of conjugate acid to
conjugate base.
 Alternately,
the ratio of conjugate acid to conjugate base
depends upon the pH.
 What happens if we were to add .5 moles of NaOH to a

solution containing 1.0 mole of acetic acid? What would
the resulting pH be?
 Buffersare most effective when concentrations of the

weak acid and weak base are nearly equal. This occurs at
◦ pH = pKa plus or minus 1.
Section 16.3 29
Preparing a Buffer Solution
Ifbuffering an acidic pH, pick an acid whose
pKa is nearly equal to the desired pH.
Solve for the ratio of conjugate acid to
conjugate base and decide upon an absolute
concentration.
◦ Measure out appropriate amounts of each directly, or
◦ React the weak acid with the correct amount of strong
base to yield the necessary weak acid and weak base
concentrations.
Section 16.3 30
Section 16.3 31
Example 16.4 cont’d
Section 16.3 32
Typical Acid/Base Reactions
S. Acid + S. Base → soluble salt + H2O
◦ Will give the net ionic equation
 H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
 pH = 7 at equivalence point. WHY?
W. Acid + S. Base → soluble salt + H2O

 HA(aq) + OH-(aq) ↔ A-(aq) + H2O(l)
 pH > 7 at the equivalence point. WHY?
Section 16.4 33
Typical Acid/Base Reactions
S.Acid + W.Base → soluble salt + H2O
 H+(aq) + B(aq) ↔ BH+(aq)
 pH < 7 at the equivalence point. WHY?
W.Acid + W.Base → soluble salt

 HA(aq) + B(aq) ↔ BH+(aq) + A-(aq)
 pH can be acidic or basic at the equivalence point.
 If Ka HA > Kb B, acidic at equivalence point. If Ka HA < Kb B, basic at
equivalence point.
Section 16.4 34
pH Titration Curves
A plot of the pH of the solution as a function of
the volume of added titrant.
Can be divided up into four areas.
◦ Area I, before the titration begins (0 mL titrant
added).
◦ Area II, after titrant has been added but before the
equivalence point.
◦ Area III, at the equivalence point.
◦ Area IV, beyond the equivalence point.
Section 16.4 35
Blue dot – SA
pH Titration Curves
Red dot – WA
Section 16.4 36
Strong Acid + Strong Base Titrations
Wedon’t need to worry about the salt.
Why?
◦ What is the pH of 40 mL 0.10 M HCl after
0 mL, 20 mL, 40 mL, and 60 mL of 0.10 M
NaOH is added?
 Area I, obtain [H+] by stoichiometry, get pH.
Section 16.5 37
Strong Acid + Strong Base
Titrations
Area II, III, and IV.
◦ Best solved by a start, let it react, left over with
strategy, in units of moles.
◦ HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
◦ Left over with only a strong component, so obtain

molarity followed by pH or pOH.
 What type of buffer problem is this similar to?
Section 16.5 38
40 mL 0.10 M HCl plus 0.10 M NaOH
Section 16.5 39
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration
Section 16.5 40
What is the pH of 40 mL 0.10 M NaOH after 0
mL, 20 mL, 40 mL, and 60 mL of 0.10 M HCl is
added?
Section 16.5 41
40 mL 0.10 M NaOH plus 0.10 M HCl
Section 16.5 42
25 mL 0.10 M CH3COOH Plus 0.10 M NaOH
Section 16.5 43
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations
HA(aq) + OH-(aq) → A-(aq) + H2O(l)

Best performed by a start, let it react, left over
with strategy.
Four things can happen, we can be
◦ before any strong base has been added.
◦ After we start bu before the equivalence point and
have a buffer.
◦ at the equivalence and have only the conjugate base.
◦ after the equivalence point and have excess strong
component.
Section 16.5 44
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: Before any
Strong Base Is Added
What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M acetic
acid before any 0.10 M NaOH is added?
◦ This is simply a start, change, equilibrium Ka
problem.
◦ HA(aq) ↔ H+(aq) + A-(aq)
[H ][A - ] -5 [x][x]
Ka   1.8  10 
[HA] [0.10]
x  1.34  10 -3  [H ] pH  2.87
Section 16.5 45
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: Before
the Equivalence Point
 What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M acetic acid after 10 mL
of 0.10 M NaOH is added?
◦ Perform a start, reaction, left over with problem using the generic
equation in moles
 We are left with a weak acid and weak base and nothing
else, a buffer, so do a HH buffer problem.
◦ What type of buffer problem is this similar to?
Section 16.5 46
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: Before
Start 0.0025 mol 0.001mol 0
React -0.001 mol -0.001 mol +0.001 mol
Left 0.0015 mol 0 0.001 mol
do a HH problem.
CB
pH  pK a  log pK a  - log 1.8  10 -5  4.74
CA
No need to convert to molarity.
0.001
pH  4.74  log  4.56
0.0015
Section 16.3 47
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: At
 What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M acetic acid after 25
mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added?
◦ Perform a start, reaction, left over with problem using the generic
equation in units of moles
 We are left with only the weak conjugate base, so do a

weak base, Kb, start, change, equilibrium table problem,
in units of molarity. From [OH-], get pOH, then get pH.
Section 16.5 48
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: At
Start 0.0025 mol 0.0025mol 0 mol
React -0.0025 mol -0.0025 mol +0.0025mol
Left 0 0 0.0025 mol
You are left with only a weak conjugate base, so

do a start, change, equilibrium table problem.
Remember to convert to molarity. This is now
just like a hydrolysis of a basic salt problem.
Section 16.3 49
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: At the
Equivalence Point
B(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Start 0.0025mol/0.050L 0 0
Change -x +x +x
Equilibriu 0.050 M – x ≈ 0.050 M x x
m
-10 [BH ][OH- ] [x][x]

K b  5.56  10 (from K a )  
[B] [0.050]
x  5.27  10 -6  [OH- ] pOH  5.28 pH  8.72
Section 16.3 50
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations:
Beyond the Equivalence Point
 Whatis the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M acetic acid after 35 mL of
0.10 M NaOH is added?
◦ Perform a start, reaction, left over with problem using the generic equation
in units of moles
 Weare left with a strong component. Find its molarity, then get
pOH or pH accordingly.
Section 16.5 51
Weak Acid + Strong Base Titrations: Beyond the
Equivalence Point
Start 0.0025 mol 0.0035 mol 0 mol
React -0.0025 mol -0.0025 mol +0.0025 mol
Left 0 0.0010 mol 0.0025 mol
You are left with both a strong base, OH-, and a

weak conjugate base. The strong base wins out.
Determine the molarity of the OH-, and find
pOH then pH.
0.0010 mol OH-
 0.167 M OH-
0.060 L
pOH  - log 0.167  0.78 pH  13.22

Section 16.3 52
25 mL 0.10 M NH3 plus 0.10 M HCl
Section 16.5 53
Strong Acid + Weak Base Titrations: Before
any Strong Acid Is Added
What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M NH3
before any 0.10 M HCl is added?
Section 16.5 54
any Strong Acid Is Added
What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.10 M NH3
before any 0.10 M HCl is added?
◦ This is simply a start, change, equilibrium Kb
problem.
◦ B(aq) + H2O(aq) ↔ BH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
-5 [x][x]
1.8  10  [x]  1.34  10 -3  [OH- ]
[0.10]
pOH  2.87, so pH  11.12
Section 16.5 55
Strong Acid + Weak Base Titrations:
Before the Equivalence Point
 What is the pH of 25 mL of 0.20 M NH3 after 20 mL of
0.10 M HCl is added?
Section 16.5 56
◦ Perform a start, reaction, left over with problem using the
generic equation
B + H+ → BH+
Start 0.005 mol 0.002 mol 0
React -.002 mol -.002 mol +.002 mol
Left .003 mol 0 .002 mol
 Since we are left with a weak base and a weak acid and
nothing else, perform a HH buffer problem.
CA 0.002 mol
pOH  pK b  log  4.74  log  4.56
CB 0.003 mol
pH  9.44 pK b  - log 1.8  10 -5
Section 16.5 57
Strong Acid + Weak Base Titrations: At
Section 16.5 58
Strong Acid + Weak Base Titrations: At the
Equivalence Point
generic equation
B + H+ → BH+
Start 0.0025 mol 0.0025 mol 0
React -.0025 mol -.0025 mol +.0025 mol
Left 0 0 0.0025 mol
 Since we are left with weak acid only, perform a weak

acid, Ka, start, change, equilibrium table problem in
units of molarity. K w -10 [H ][A - ] [x][x]
Ka   5.5  10  
Kb [HA] .0025 mol
[ ]
0.050 L
[ x]  [H ]  5.3  10 -6 M pH  5.28
Section 16.5 59
Strong Acid + Weak Base Titrations: At the
Equivalence Point
 Since we are left with weak acid only, perform a weak
acid, Ka, start, change, equilibrium table problem in
units of molarity.
HA <=> H+ + A-
Start 0.0025 mol/0.050 L 0 mol 0
React -x +x +x
Left 0.05 – x = 0.05 x x
 -
Kw [H ][A ] [x][x]
Ka   5.5  10 -10  
Kb [HA] .0025 mol
[ ]
0.050 L
[ x]  [H ]  5.3  10 -6 M pH  5.28
Section 16.5 60
After the Equivalence Point
Section 16.5 61
After the Equivalence Point
generic equation
B + H+ → BH+
Start .0025 mol .0040 mol 0
React -.0025 mol -.0025 mol +.0025 mol
Left 0 .0015 mol .0025 mol
 Sincewe are left with a strong acid, determine its

molarity and obtain pH.
0.0015 mol
[H ]   0.0231 M H pH  1.64
0.065 L
Section 16.5 62
S.Acid + W.Base and S.Base + W.Acid:
Half Way to Equivalence Point
What is the pH of 60 mL of .50 M NH3 after 20
mL of .75 M HCl is added?
What do you observe?
Section 16.5 63
S.Acid + W.Base and S.Base + W.Acid:
Half Way to Equivalence Point
What is the pH of 50 mL of .40 M acetic acid
after 25 mL of .40 M NaOH is added?
What do you observe?

Section 16.5 65
S.Acid + W.Base and S.Base + W.Acid: Half Way to
Equivalence Point
B(aq) + H+(aq) → BH+(aq)
Start 0.030 mol 0.015 mol 0
React -0.015 0.015 mol +0.015 mol
Left 0.015 mol 0 mol 0.015 mol
do a HH problem. This time you look up K b , so solve for pOH.
CA
pOH  pK b  log pK b  - log 1.8  10 -5  4.74
CB
0.015
pOH  4.74  log  4.74
0.015
At half way to the equivalenc e point, pOH  pK b

S.Acid + W.Base and S.Base + W.Acid: Half Way to Equivalence
Point
Start 0.020 mol 0.010 mol 0 mol
React -0.010 mol -0.010mol +0.010mol
Left 0.010 mol 0 0.010 mol
do a HH problem.
CB
pH  pK a  log pK a  - log 1.8  10 -5  4.74
CA
0.010
pH  4.74  log  4.74
0.010
pH  pK a at half way to the equivalenc e point.

Section 16.3 68
Acid-Base Indicators
How do you know when you have reached the
equivalence point in a titration?
Most indicators are weak acids.
◦ HIn(aq) ↔ H+(aq) + In-(aq)
◦ HIn and In- are different colors.
[In - ]
 0.10 color of HIn predominates
[HIn]
[In - ]
 10 color of In - predominates
[HIn]
Section 16.5 69
Acid-Base Indicators
◦ How does the pH change at the equivalence point in a
titration?
◦ What if the pKa of the indicator was nearly equal to the pH
at the equivalence point?
◦ pH = pKa - 1 acid color
◦ pH = pKa + 1 base color
Section 16.5 70
Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
Just another equilibrium constant.
◦ Always written as the solid dissolving.
 BaSO4(s) ↔ Ba+2(aq) + SO42-(aq)
 PbCl2(s) ↔ Pb+2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
◦ Products to their coefficients divided by reactants to
theirs leaving out pure solids and liquids.
Qspis just like Ksp but uses whatever
concentrations are present. If
◦ Qsp > Ksp precipitate forms.
◦ Qsp < Ksp no precipitate forms.
◦ Qsp = Ksp equilibrium exists.
Section 16.6 71
Molar Solubility and Solubility
 Molar solubility is the number of moles per liter of the

solid dissolved in a saturated solution, while solubility is
the number of grams of solute per liter in a saturated
solution.
◦ What does the term “saturated” imply?
 We can use Ksp to find molar solubility and solubility.
 We can use molar solubility or solubility to determine
Ksp.
 We can use the molar solubility and stoichiometry to
determine the molarity of individual ions.
Section 16.6 72
Typical Ksp Problem #1
Ksp for silver sulfate is 1.2 × 10-5.
◦ What is the molar solubility of silver sulfate?
◦ What is the gram solubility of silver sulfate?
◦ What is the molarity of Ag+ ions in a
saturated solution of silver sulfate?
Section 16.6 73
Ag2SO4(s) ↔ 2Ag+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Start Some 0 0
Change -x +2x x
Equilibrium 2x X
2-
K sp  1.2  10 -5  [Ag ]2 [SO 4 ]  [2x]2 [x]  4x 3
x  0.0144 M Molar solubility  0.014 M
g Ag 2SO 4 g Ag 2SO 4
[Ag ]  2x  0.028 M  4.5
L L
Section 16.6 75
A saturated solution of PbBr2 contains
1.085 grams per 250 ml. What is the Ksp
of PbBr2?
Section 16.6 76
PbBr2(s) ↔ Pb2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq)
Start some 0 0
Change +x +2x
Equilibrium x 2x
K sp  [Pb 2 ][Br - ]2  [x][2x]2  4x 3
1.085 g 1 mol
  0.0118 M PbBr2  x
0.250 L 367.0 g PbBr2
K sp  4  (0.0118) 3  6.6  10 -6
Section 16.6 78
Predicting Precipitation Reactions
 Given these initial concentrations, will a precipitate
form?
◦ This is just a Qsp versus Ksp problem.
◦ Write out the formula of the precipitate and the reaction for it
dissolving.
◦ Determine the Ksp and Qsp expression (the same).
◦ Sub the initial concentrations in the Qsp expression and compare
to Ksp.
 Qsp > Ksp precipitate forms.
 Qsp < Ksp no precipitate forms.
 Qsp = Ksp equilibrium exists.
Section 16.6 79
Section 16.6 80
Example 16.10 cont’d
Section 16.6 81
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
What happens if we add NaCl to a saturated
solution of AgCl?
A solid will be less soluble in a solution

containing one of its ions.
Just a quantitative application of Le Chatelier’s
Principle.
Just a start, change, equilibrium table problem

in which we start with one of the ions present.
Section 16.8 82
The Common Ion Effect and Solubility
Section 16.8 83
Common Ion Effect and Solubility
Whatis the solubility of PbCl2 in a 0.40 M
Pb(NO3)2 solution?
Section 16.8 84
Common Ion Effect and Solubility
PbCl2(s) ↔ Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
Start Some 0.40 M 0
Change -x +x +2x
Equilibriu 0.40 M+ x 2x
m ≈ 0.40 M
K sp PbCl2  [Pb 2 ][Cl- ]2  2.4  10 -4
2.4  10 - 4  [0.40][2x] 2
x  molar solubility  0.012 M
Section 16.8 85
pH and Solubility
Mg(OH)2, Fe2S3, CaCO3, BaF2, and Ni3(PO4)2
are all more soluble in acidic solutions than in
neutral solutions. Why?
Section 16.9 86
pH and Solubility
Le Chatelier’s Principle says that reactions shift
towards decreases. How can we decrease OH-,
S2-, CO32-, F-, and PO43-?
The solubility of some salts like PbCl2 and

BaSO4 are unaffected by pH. Why and what do
these salts have in common?
Section 16.9 87
pH and Solubility
CaCO3(s) <---> Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
2H+ + CO32-(aq) <---> H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Section 16.9 88
Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
Complex ions contain a metal cation bonded to
one or more molecules or ions.
The formation of complex ions is an equilibrium

process and is described by a formation constant,
Kf.
◦ Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) ↔ Cu(NH3)42+(aq)
Formation constants are very large. What does

this mean and how will we make use of it?
Section 16.10 89
Section 16.10 90
Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility
We can increase the solubility of a salt by complexing its

cation.
◦ AgCl(s) ↔ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp
◦ Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ↔ Ag(NH3)2+(aq) Kf
◦ AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) ↔ Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp × Kf
Section 16.10 91
Complex Ion Formation and Solubility
Section 16.10 92
Extra Problems
The remaining slides are extra problems,
similar to those in the previous slides.
Many have answers given.
Formulasmay look different, but always

remember we use generic equations.
Acid-Base Titration vs. Buffer Reaction
25 mL of 0.60 M NaOH is added to 400 mL of a
solution containing 0.300 M C5H5N and 0.35 M
C5H5NHCl. What is the resulting pH?
25 mL of 1.40 M NaOH is added to 80 mL of

0.80 M CH3CH2NH3Cl. What is the pH?
How are these two different? Similar?
Sections 16.3 and 16.4 94

25 mL of 0.60 M NaOH is added to 400 mL of a
solution containing 0.300 M C5H5N and 0.35 M
C5H5NHCl. What is the resulting pH?
This is a buffer reacting with a strong base.

Recall how to determine which is the CA and
which the CB of the pair.
pH = 5.26

25 mL of 1.40 M NaOH is added to 80 mL of
0.80 M CH3CH2NH3Cl. What is the pH?
This is a weak acid plus strong base titration,

before the equivalence point.
pH = 10.83

Acid-Base Titration vs. Buffer
Reaction
 50mL 2.00 M HCl is added to a 600 mL solution
containing 0.15 M NH3 and 0.20 M NH4Cl. What is the
resulting pH?
 50
mL 0.30 M HCl is added to 60 mL 0.20 M NaOH.
What is the resulting pH?
 50
mL 0.30 M NaOH is added to 60 mL 0.20 M HCN.
 How are these different? Similar?

Reaction
 50 mL 2.00 M HCl is added to a 600 mL solution
containing 0.15 M NH3 and 0.20 M NH4Cl. What is the
resulting pH?
 This is a strong acid plus weak base titration, beyond the

equivalence point.
 pH = 1.81

Reaction
 50mL 0.30 M HCl is added to 60 mL 0.20 M NaOH.
 This is a strong acid plus strong base titration.
 pH = 1.56

Reaction
 50mL 0.30 M NaOH is added to 60 mL 0.20 M HCN.
 This is a weak acid plus strong base titration, beyond the

equivalence point.
 pH = 12.44

 60 mL 0.50 M NaOH is added to 300 mL of a solution
containing 0.10 M HNO2 and 0.15 M NaNO2. What is
the resulting pH?
 80mL of 0.25 M NaOH is added to 100 mL of 0.20 M

HF. What is the resulting pH?
 What is the pH of a 0.20 M NaC6H7O6 solution?
 How are these different? Similar?

 60 mL 0.50 M NaOH is added to 300 mL of a solution
containing 0.10 M HNO2 and 0.15 M NaNO2. What is
the resulting pH?
 This is a buffer plus strong base where the strong base

and weak acid are completely consumed. Only the CB
is left.
 pH = 8.22

 80mL of 0.25 M NaOH is added to 100 mL of 0.20 M
HF. What is the resulting pH?
 This is a weak acid plus strong base at the equivalence

point.
 pH = 8.10
Reaction
 What is the pH of a 0.20 M NaC6H5O solution?
 This is the pH of a basic salt problem. See Chapter 15.
 pH = 11.59

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Chapter 16 Summer 2020

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Chapter 16

Acid-Base Equilibria and

What happens if you have a solution of NH3 and add in

The common ion effect is simply another

◦ pOH = pKb + log([Cong. Acid]/[Cong. Base])

◦ These are basically of the one equation, one unknown variety

 How do you recognize a conjugate acid/base pair?

◦ A-(aq) + H+(aq) → HA(aq)

Why don’t a strong acid and its conjugate

0.400 M HF  CA and 0.300 M F -  CB

 Use the two generic buffer reactions.

 A-(aq) + H+(aq) → HA(aq) or (for rxn with st acid)

 Focus in on what you are left with.

 The strong component is a strong base, so write

 Proceed with a start, react, left over with table in

No need to convert to molarity.

 Thestrong component is a strong base, so write the

 Proceed with a start, react, left over with table in

You are left with only a weak conjugate base, so

x  2.05  10 -6  [OH- ] pOH  5.69 pH  8.31

 Thestrong component is a strong base, so write the

 Proceed with a start, react, left over with table in

You are left with both a strong base, OH-, and a

pOH  - log 0.0375  1.43 pH  12.57

 What happens if we were to add .5 moles of NaOH to a

 Buffersare most effective when concentrations of the

W. Acid + S. Base → soluble salt + H2O

W.Acid + W.Base → soluble salt

◦ Left over with only a strong component, so obtain

HA(aq) + OH-(aq) → A-(aq) + H2O(l)

x  1.34  10 -3  [H ] pH  2.87

No need to convert to molarity.

 We are left with only the weak conjugate base, so do a

You are left with only a weak conjugate base, so

-10 [BH ][OH- ] [x][x]

x  5.27  10 -6  [OH- ] pOH  5.28 pH  8.72

You are left with both a strong base, OH-, and a

pOH  - log 0.167  0.78 pH  13.22

pOH  2.87, so pH  11.12

 Since we are left with weak acid only, perform a weak

 Sincewe are left with a strong acid, determine its

What do you observe?

What do you observe?

At half way to the equivalenc e point, pOH  pK b

pH  pK a at half way to the equivalenc e point.

 Molar solubility is the number of moles per liter of the

x  0.0144 M Molar solubility  0.014 M

K sp  [Pb 2 ][Br - ]2  [x][2x]2  4x 3

A solid will be less soluble in a solution

Just a start, change, equilibrium table problem

K sp PbCl2  [Pb 2 ][Cl- ]2  2.4  10 -4

x  molar solubility  0.012 M

The solubility of some salts like PbCl2 and

2H+ + CO32-(aq) <---> H2O(l) + CO2(g)

The formation of complex ions is an equilibrium

◦ Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) ↔ Cu(NH3)42+(aq)

Formation constants are very large. What does

We can increase the solubility of a salt by complexing its

◦ AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) ↔ Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp × Kf

Formulasmay look different, but always

25 mL of 1.40 M NaOH is added to 80 mL of

How are these two different? Similar?

Sections 16.3 and 16.4 94