FORMAL

EDUCATION
DISCUSSANT:
REYNILO P. LEGASPO
 FORMAL EDUCATION

• Formal education is the hierarchically structured,

chronologically graded 'education system', running from
primary school through the university and including, in
addition to general academic studies, a variety of
specialized programs and institutions for full-time
technical and professional training.
 FORMAL EDUCATION

• K-12 and tertiary education from colleges are characterized as

formal education. This does not include the informal education in
the Philippines learned from daily experience and the educative
influences and resources in his or her environment. Nor does this
include non-formal education like the alternative learning systems
provided by the Department of Education (DepEd),
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
and other programs from educational institutions.
 K to 12

• K-12 is a program that covers kindergarten and 12 years

of basic education to provide sufficient time for mastery
of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and
prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level
skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship.
 Its general features include:

1.Strengthening Early Childhood Education

(Universal Kindergarten), since the early years
of a human being, from 0 to 6 years, are the
most critical period when the brain grows to at
least 60-70 percent of adult size;
 2. Making the Curriculum Relevant to Learners
(Contextualization and Enhancement) by making
lessons localized and relevant to Filipinos including
discussions on Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate
Change Adaptation, and Information &
Communication Technology (ICT);
3. ensuring Integrated and Seamless Learning
(Spiral Progression) which means that
students will be taught from the simplest
concepts to more complicated concepts
through grade levels;
 4. Building Proficiency through Language
(Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education)
hence the introduction of 12 Mother Tongue
Languages as mediums of instruction from
grades 1-3 before the introduction of English;
5. Gearing Up for the Future (Senior High School)
wherein the seven learning areas and three tracks
for students to choose (See 2.1.1.3 Curriculum)
prepare them for senior high school, the two years
of specialized upper secondary education; and
 6. Nurturing the Holistically Developed Filipino
(College and Livelihood Readiness, 21st Century
Skills) so that every graduate to be equipped with
information, media and technology skills; learning
and innovation skills; effective communication skills;
and life and career skills.
 Implications of the change in the system

• Senior High School, an important feature of the new K-12

program, creates several opportunities. Standard
requirements will be applied to make sure graduates know
enough to be hirable. Senior High School students will now
be able to apply for TESDA Certificates of Competency
(COCs) and National Certificates (NCs) to provide them with
better work opportunities.
• Partnerships with different companies will be offered for
technical and vocational courses. Senior High School
students can also get work experience while studying.
• Aside from these, entrepreneurship courses will now be
included. Instead of being employed, one can choose to
start his or her own business after graduating, or choose
to further one's education by going to college.
 • Senior High School, as part of the K to 12 Basic
Curriculum, was developed in line with the
curriculum of the Commission of Higher Education
(CHED) – the governing body for college and
university education in the Philippines.
• This ensures that by the time one graduates
from Senior High School, one will have the
standard knowledge, skills, and
competencies needed to go to college.
• Because of the shift of the curriculum in K-12, the College
General Education curriculum will have fewer units.
Subjects that have been taken up in Basic Education will be
removed from the College General Education curriculum.
Details of the new GE Curriculum may be found in CHED
Memorandum Order No. 20, series of 2013.
• Regarding teachers, there are common misconceptions
that teachers will lose their jobs because of the shift to the
K-12. However, DepEd ensures that "no high school
teachers will be displaced."
• The Department of Education (DepEd) is in constant
coordination with CHED and DOLE on the actual
number of affected faculty from private higher
education institutions (HEIs). The worst-case
scenario is that 39,000 HEI faculty will lose their jobs
over 5 years.
• This will only happen if none of the HEIs will put
up their own Senior High Schools; however,
DepEd is currently processing over 1,000 Senior
High School applications from private
institutions.
 Curriculum

• In kindergarten, the pupils are mandated to

learn the alphabet, numbers, shapes and colours
through games, songs, pictures and dances, but
in their native language; thus after Grade 1,
every student can read on his/her native tongue.
• The 12 original mother tongue languages that have
been introduced for the 2012–2013 school year are
Bicolano, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano
, Kapampangan, Maguindanaoan, Maranao,
Pangasinense, Tagalog, Tausug and Waray-Waray.
 • In Grade 1, the subject areas of English and
Filipino are taught, with a focus on "oral fluency“.
• in Grade 4, the subject areas of English and
Filipino are gradually introduced, but now, as
"languages of instruction".
• The Science and Mathematics subjects are now modified
to use the spiral progression approach starting as early as
Grade 1 which means that every lesson will be taught in
every grade level starting with the basic concepts to the
more complex concepts of that same lesson until Grade
10.
• the high school from the former system will now
be called junior high school, while senior high school
will be the 11th and 12th year of the new
educational system. It will serve as a specialized
upper secondary education.
 • In the senior high school, students may choose a
specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school
capacity. The choice of career track will define the
content of the subjects a student will take in Grades
11 and 12. Senior high school subjects fall under either
the core curriculum or specific tracks.
• Core curriculum learning areas include languages,
literature, communication, mathematics,
philosophy, natural sciences and social sciences.
• There are four choices that are available to be chosen by
the students — or the so-called "specific tracks". These are:

• 1. Accountancy, Business & Management (ABM) - for those

interested in pursuing college or university education in
fields of accountancy, business management, business
administration, office management, economics, or
entrepreneurship.
 2. Humanities & Social Sciences (HUMSS) - for those
interested in pursuing college or university education
in fields of languages, mass communication and
journalism, literature, philosophy, history, education,
liberal arts, and the rest of humanities and social
sciences.
 3. Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
(STEM)- for those interested in pursuing college or
university education in fields of basic and applied
sciences, biological sciences, physical sciences,
laboratory sciences, nutrition and allied medicine,
mathematics, and engineering.
4. General Academic Strand (GAS) - for those
interested in pursuing college or university
education but are not sure of what field to
pursue as a career.
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood, which specializes in technical
and vocational learning. A student can obtain a National
Certificate Level II (NC II), provided he/she passes the
competency-based assessment of the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. This
certificate improves employability of graduates in fields of:
1. Home Economics like tourism, culinary art,
cosmetology, clothing, handicraft,
housekeeping, etc.
2. Industrial Arts like automotive services,
carpentry and construction, masonry,
plumbing, machining, electricity and
electronics, etc
 3. Agricultural and Fishery Arts like
agriculture, animal production, horticulture,
food processing, aquaculture, fish capture,
landscaping, etc
 4. Information and Communications Technology
like animation, illustration, technical drafting,
medical transcription, programming, and computer
services.
Schools Adhering to Compulsory Education and Senior High School

• Science high schools

- Science high schools are special schools for the more
intellectually promising students, with the objective of
fostering the problem-solving approach of critical
thinking.
• They are separate high schools and not merely special
classes in regular secondary schools. As such, they have
certain characteristics not found in regular high schools,
although any private or public high school can aspire to
meet these special minimum standards and be considered
as science high schools.
• The Philippine Science High School System is a specialized
public system that operates as an attached agency of the
Philippine Department of Science and Technology. There are
a total of nine regional campuses, with the main campus
located in Quezon City. Students are admitted on a selective
basis, based on the results of the PSHS System National
Competitive Examination.
 • As well as following the general secondary
curriculum, there are advanced classes in science
and mathematics. The PSHSS system offers an
integrated junior high and senior high six-year
curriculum.
• Students who successfully completed a minimum of four
years of secondary education under the pre-2011 system
were awarded a Diploma (Katibayan) and, in addition,
the secondary school Certificate of Graduation
(Katunayan) from the Department of Education.
• Students are also awarded a Permanent Record, or
Form 137-A, listing all classes taken and grades
earned. Under the new K-12 system, the
permanent record will be issued after the
completion of senior high school.