Advanced Process Control

Gas Cracker
Reliance Industries Ltd
DMD

July 20, 2009

 Contents
• APC Background
• APC Overview
• APC Architecture
• Control Philosophy
• Furnace APC (Furnace Model)
• Feed Model
APC Background
 APC Development
• Development in this area started in early
1970’s

• Most significant developments happened 1980

onwards by Charley Cutler, Mike Morshedi etc.

• Today, worldwide more than 5000 APC

applications are running (more than 50% in
refining and petrochemical sector)
 Why APC?
Acceptable operating region for any process is
defined by various constraints or limits:
• Product quality constraints (e.g. upper limit on
product impurities)
• Operational constraints (e.g. compressor surge limit,
column P)
• Equipment limits (e.g. maximum vessel working
pressure or temperature)
• Actuator limits (e.g. valve either open or closed)
 Why APC?
True
DMCplus Economic
Operating Optimum
Region
Compressor Speed

+
Column P
Pressure

Operator's
Preferred
Operating
Temperature Region
Purity
Valve Positions
 APC Technologies
Commercially available technologies in APC:
− DMCplus (AspenTech)
− RMPCT (Honeywell)
− SMOC (Shell)
− STAR (DOT Products)
− CONNOISSEUR (Invensys)
 APC Initiative at RIL
• STAR Controller
- Corporate License (1994)
- MEG-I (1995)
- PE (1996)
- PTA, Hazira & PG (1997)
- Polyester CP-2,3,4,7,8(1997-98)

• SMCA Controller
- Licensing (1994)
- PX (1995)
- LAB (1995)
 APC Initiative at RIL
• DMCplus Controller
- Hazira Cracker (1998)
- Corporate License
(2001)
- Jamnagar Refinery
(2002…)
• APC Summary at RIL
  MVs CVs DVs Controllers

In-house 1294 3019 487 80

Vendor 259 585 174 18

Total 1553 3604 661 98

 In-house APC Initiatives
• RIL, Hazira
- Aromatics Plant (2 Controllers Jan/01 – Aug/01)
- VCM Plant (4 Controllers Sept/01 –May/02)
- PTA Plant (2 Controllers May/02 – Sept/02)
- Cracker Plant (1 Controller Remodeling Nov/02)
- PVC Plant (3 Controllers Dec/02 – Feb/03)
- 3 MEG Plants (6 Controllers Feb/03 – July/03)
- PE1 Plant (1 Controller Oct/03 – Feb/04)
- PE2 Plant (1 Controller Feb/04 – Sept/04)
- PP Plant (1 Controller Mar/06 - Jun/06)
- Cracker Plant-Cold Box (1 Controller Remodeling for Revamp Jul/06 – Jan/06)

• RIL, Jamnagar
− FCC Plant (1 Controller Remodeling for Revamp, Mar/06-Jun/06)

• RIL, Patalganga
- PX Plant (5 Controllers Nov/04 - Sept/05)
- PTA Plant (1 Controller Dec/05 - Mar/06)
- LAB Plant (2 Controllers Oct/04 – Sept/05)
- CP7 Plant (Started Feb/07)

• RIL, Nagothane
- Gas Cracker Plant (8 Controllers Jul/06)
- EO-EG Plant (Jul/06 - Jan/06)

• RIL, DMD
- Gas Cracker Plant (8 Controllers May/09)
APC Overview
 Control Hierarchy
days Scheduling PIMPS+...

DMO / NOVA /
hrs Optimization
ROMEO

LP - CLP
min DMCplus /
STAR /
APC APC
CONNOISSEUR

DCS
msec

PLANT
 Terms and Definitions
• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• Unit step response curve
• Time to steady-state/settling time
 Independent Variables (1)
• Independent Variable: A variable whose value is not affected
in any way by any other variable in the process

• Two Types of Independent Variables

– Manipulated variables (MVs) – things that the operator can
move
• Setpoints to regulatory controllers
• Valve positions
– Feedforward/Disturbance Variables (FFs/DVs) – things
that impact the process, yet can not be moved directly
• Measured disturbances
 Independent Variables (2)
CW Supply
TC PC Temperature
TI
A A

“Independence” C LC
to the A
FC
temperature controller A

Flow and valve

are dependent

Feedforward/Disturbance
 Independent Variables (3)
TI PC CW
A
Temperature is
now dependent LC
A
FC
A

Independence promoted
to Flow Controller
 Dependent Variables
• Dependent Variable: A variable whose dynamic behavior can
be described totally in terms of specific independent variable
changes over time

• Controlled Variable (CV) to be maintained

– At a constant value
– Between high and low constraints

• Many variables are dependent variables, but may not be

important enough to be controlled variables!
 Definitions (1)
• Time to Steady-State (Tss)
– The time from when an independent variable is moved (t0),
until the full effect of that move is “seen” in the dependent
variable

• Unit Response Curve

– The effect, or impact, on the dependent variable of a one
“unit” move in the independent variable. The unit response
curve shows both steady-state information and dynamics
 Definitions (2)
Tss and Unit Response Curve
MV1
MV2 CV1

Trends

CV 1

MV1

STEP
MV 2

0.2

0.1

Unit Step Response 0

for CV1 vs MV1
- (0.1)
SS Gain: 0.170
Tss
- (0.2)
 Source of APC Benefits
OPERATOR CONTROL CONSTRAINED CONTROL
constraint constraint
100 %
THROUGH PUT

avg.
avg.

80 %

CONSTRAINED CONTROL & ADVANCED CONTROL

TUNING
constraint constraint
100 % avg.
THROUGH PUT

avg.

80 %
 DMCplus Characteristics
• Multivariable
• Model-Predictive
• Constrained
• Optimizing
• Rigorous
 DMCplus Characteristics:
Multivariable
• Changes in one independent variable (setpoint) effect
several controlled or constrained variables
• DMCplus controller response
– DMCplus accounts for the effects of all changes on all
controlled variables and finds the best overall solution
– DMCplus will find a control plan that will satisfy all
process and operating constraints, if such a plan
exists
 Distillation Tower Schematic
OHTEMP OHPRESS
T P

MVs P CONDDP

FFs OHPVALV
OHLEVEL
REFLUX L
CVs OHPROD
F F
COLDP
P

DRAWT SSFLOW
SSCOMP
FEED FEEDT A 95%
T F
F T

REBBTU BTMFLOW
BTU F
Dynamic Model of Distillation
Tower
DMCplus Characteristics: Model-
Predictive
• Dependent variables will not remain at their current
values if independent variables (setpoints and
disturbances) have been moving
• DMCplus controller response
– DMCplus uses linear dynamic models to predict the
open-loop behavior of the controlled variables
• Predicts the violation of constraints and takes
control action based on the prediction
• Constantly updated with measured information
• Can model processes with unusual dynamics
 DMCplus Characteristics:
Constrained
• There are constraints on independent and dependent
process variables
• DMCplus controller response
– All constraints are considered and accounted for in
the overall control plan
– High, low and rate-of-change limits on MVs
• Regulatory control loop setpoints or valve outputs
• Always satisfied
– High and low limits (setpoints) for CVs
• Product composition specifications, metallurgical
limits, valve output clamps
• Satisfied, if physically possible
 DMCplus Overview: Optimizing
• Process should be operated in an optimal manner
• DMCplus controller solution
– Steady-State
• Maximize profit
• Robust handling of infeasibility
– Dynamic
• Minimize CV error
• Minimize MV movement
• Follow the optimum dynamic path to economically
optimum steady-state targets
APC Architecture
 DMCplus Architecture
• Step 1- Read Process Values
• Step 2- Predict Steady State (SS)
• Step 3- Optimize at Predicted SS
• Step 4- Generate a Move Plan to reach SS
• Step 5- Implement Set points
 Step-1: Read Process Values

• Check Data Quality

• Check Validity Limits
• Check Operator Service Status
Step-2: Predict Steady State
Step-2: Absorb Model Error & Noise
 Step-3 Optimize at SS
Controlled Variable
Predicted Steady State Manipulated Variable
Values Steady State Targets

Controlled Variable
Operating Limits

Steady
Manipulated Variable State
Current Values Linear Program

Manipulated Variable
Operating Limits
Controlled Variable
Steady State Targets

Economic Information
 Step-3 Optimize at SS
• MV Parameters
- Cost

• CV Parameters
- Ranks
- Equal Concern Errors (ECE)
Step-4: Generate Move Plan
 Step-4 Move Plan
• MV Parameters
- Move Suppression
- Maximum Move

• CV Parameters
- Equal Concern Errors (ECE)
 Step-5: Implement Setpoints
• Check Data Quality
• Check Validity Limits
• Check Operator Service Status
• Write Setpoints
 DMCplus Architecture
Economics
Costs on Manipulated Variables

Operator Control Engineer

Tuning
Limits and Targets Constants

Dynamic Predictions MV
Targets
Steady-State Dynamic
Prediction
Optimization Control
Module Steady-
State
Module CV Module
Predictions Targets

Dependent Setpoint
Variable Independent Manipulated Output
Values Variable Values Variable Values Values
ACOBASE / Cim-IO

DCS / Process Information System

 DMCplus Software Structure
Human Interface
View ACO Msg
Model Build Simulate
Client Viewer
DAIS
Extract CLC View ACO Msg
MDL CCF Server Server
Prod.
BIN Context Control
Web
Collect Manage Controller
Control
Server
Data Area

Offline
Prod.
DMCplus
Online ACOBASE (Connect Cim-IO Client) Control
Context
Web
Web Cim-IO
Cim-IO Core (Cim-IO Kernel) Viewer
Server Server

Cim-IO Server Cim-IO Server Cim-IO Server

 DMCplus Software Suite (1)
• Online modules
– Control
• Manage: Manages the DMCplus controller like load, start, stop, save, etc.
• Collect: Collects plant data at a set interval and stores in a binary file
• Extract: Extracts the data for a given time slice from the binary collect file
and stores it in an ASCII format that can be transferred to a PC for offline
work
– ACOBASE
• Connect Client for Advanced Control Online Products
– GCS
• Operator interface of controller information
– Production Control Web Server
• Web-based interface to view online DMCplus controller information
– DAIS
• Cross-platform tool licensed from International Computer, Ltd. (ICL)
– Cim-IO
• Strategic AspenTech communications product
 DMCplus Software Suite (2)
 Offline modules
− Model: Can create Finite Impulse Response model (FIR) or Subspace
model. The step response curves are stored in an ASCII file that can
be transferred to online system

− Build: Generates an ASCII controller configuration file where all DCS

data connectivity is defined. It also has a facility to add simple
calculations

− Simulate: Controller simulation tool based on the above model and

configuration files. These two file define the complete controller and is
used in the on-line control
DMCplus Algorithm
Linearity & Superposition
 Model Identification
 CV = A * I
Calculate
Known Known
 Model Identification
• In DMCplus Model, two identification methods are
supported:
– Finite Impulse Response
• From the collected data, calculate CV and I
• Solve the control equation, CV = A * I, to obtain
the A matrix
• This is the standard identification method that has
been used with DMCplus
• MISO identification routine
– Subspace Identification
• Uses a state-space parametric model for
identification purposes
• MIMO identification routine
Control Philosophy
 Plant Control Goal
• CV: Minimize difference between target and actual
value
• MV: Minimize valve movement (do not move MV
unnecessarily)
• Robust: Operating range, Instrument noise and
Model error
• Minimize Cost and Maximize Capacity
• Safe plant operation
 Control Philosophy (1)
• The control philosophy is mainly implemented by using
controlled variable (CV) ranks and validity limits

• A lower rank means higher priority. In case one of any

two constraints can only be met then a constraint with
lower rank will be respected

• For variables with equal ranks, their acceptable errors

(Engineer Entry) will decide the give-up on each

• Further, if a Critical constraint is defeated by operator

or bad values, the controller will switch OFF
 Control Philosophy (2)
• CV Ranking is based on priorities:
− 1st priority ‘Safety’ (Excess O2, CO2)
− 2nd priority ‘Equipment Constraints’ (Column P,
Valve opening, Torque, etc)
− 3rd priority ‘Product Qualities’ (Purity, UVT, etc)
 Control Philosophy (3)
• Analyzer Logic
− For GC analyzers spike and refresh time will be
checked by a custom logic to flag it BAD. The analyzer
will use predicted values during GC updates

− IR/PM analyser will have spike detection. The analyser

will use predicted values for a predefined local watch
dog timer

− Any other logic required (like avoiding critical speeds,

etc) can be incorporated
 Control Philosophy (4)
• Operator Error
- To safeguard wrong entries, three sets of limits are provided
in the controller- Operator limits, Engineering limits and
Validity limits

- The controller will stop if a critical variable is switched off or

crosses the validity limits

- CV values beyond Engineering limits will not be used during

controller calculation

- MV values beyond the operator limits will change the MV to

FF when the controller is started

- MV status (Comp/Auto) are checked to either stop the

controller on critical MV or change that particular MV to FF
 Control Philosophy (5)
• Instrument Error
- Variable quality attribute is read for all MVs, CVs & FFs from
the DCS system. If bad quality is read the controller will
switch off if that variable is critical else flag it as BAD

- CV values beyond validity limits attribute will flag the CV as

BAD, or stop the controller for critical CVs

- Upper validity limit attribute for all MVs will be read from the
DCS system and controller will not allow setpoint changes
beyond these limits
 Control Philosophy (6)
• Software Failure
Write failure due to CIMIO or any other reason can be
used to trigger:
− Kill DMC process immediately or after one cycle
− Stop Controller
− Continue and let DCS watch dog stop the process
 Control Philosophy (7)
• Hardware Failure

- In case of Control PC failure, a DCS created watch dog

timer (300 sec) will change the Computer mode of all
MVs to operator mode through a logic program

- TCP/IP write failure will also remove the MV from

computer mode to operator mode on the expiry of DCS
based timer attributes for each MV
GC Furnace APC
(Furnace Model)
 Project Activities
• Preliminary Controller Design
• Analysis of Plant Data
• Off-line Model Development
• Controller Configuration
• Off-line Simulation
• Training & Commissioning
• Online Tuning
• Documentation
 Introduction
• Each furnace will have its own DMC
controller
• A furnace DMC controller is consist of 14
MVs, 3 DVs and 50 CVs.
• Internal Logical program will be selecting
CVs for Ethane or Propane
 Subcontrollers
• A sub controller is provided to Switch
ON/OFF a particular set of MVs and / or
CVs
• Furnace model has been divided in 4 sub-
controller for the ease of the Panel Officer.
– Oxygen
– Zone 1
– Zone 2
– Zone 3
 Variables
CV (14 + 3 + 11*3
MV (2 + 4*3 = 14) DV (3) = 50)
Furnace Draft Fuel Gas MW Stack O2
BFW to STLX CGC pressure TLX O/L temp
Zone wise HC flow Frequency Roof Temp
Zone wise Steam Flow Zone wise Conversion
Zone wise COT   Zone wise Dilution steam Ratio
Zone wise BL PIC   Zone wise Coil Pressure Ratio
    Zone wise FG PDI (BL&TC)
    Zone wise TMT
Zone wise Run Length
Zone wise COT SV Deviation
Zone wise FG Pressure Overrides
Zone wise Control Valve Outputs
 Inferential Calculations
Y = A1 * HC Flow (Kg / hr) + A2* Steam Flow (kg / hr) + A3 * COT
(Deg C) + A4 * CG Suction Pressure (Gauge kg /cm2) + A5

Y / Multiply Unconverted Unconverted C2 TMT C3 TMT Run Length

C2 (%wt /wt) C3 (% wt/wt) (Deg C) (Deg C) (Days)
HC Flow (Kg / -0.00127469373 - 0.011071939 0.008191953 0.0005321
Hr), A1 0.00053034314 8 83
2
Steam (Kg / -0.00101366871 - - - -0.0005963
hr), A2 0.00125919391 0.005191282 0.000744113
85 791
COT (Deg C), 0.519405844 0.371359513 2.76819175 1.58973505 0.05545
A3
CG Pressure 3.94450399 5.78843781 7.83780022 1.61063671 -1.086
(Gauge Kg/
cm2), A4
Coefficient, A5 -359.576077 -222.812171 -1357.59196 -440.761768 537 +
1.55*MW
 CCF Calculations
• PIC2711DEV = PIC2711SV - OVERRIDE
• PIC2714DEV = PIC2714SV - OVERRIDE
• FG-PDI = PIC2714DEV –
PIC2711DEV
• TC-SPD = TIC2011(SV-PV)
 O2 Control
• Furnace Stack Oxygen is controlled by adjusting
draft if it is within limits (If O2 is less than
External Target set by PO)
• If Oxygen goes below the lower limit, then Feed
will get adjusted between Furnaces if CLP is
ON.
• If CLP is OFF, Feed will get reduced immaterial
of the Feed External Target set by PO if O2 is
less than lower limit
• If Oxygen goes below the Validity limit (<0.5%),
then the Furnace Controller will go to OFF mode
 TC-SPD Significance
• To see whether COT PV is tracking its SV
• If this variable touches its limits BL PIC
and Feed will get adjusted to bring it inside
the limits
• If this variable goes beyond its validity limit
(+/- 7 Deg C), then that particular Zone
Subcontroller will go to OFF mode
 FG-PDI Significance
• To maintain BL and COT FG header
difference within limits
• If this variable touches its limits, BL PIC
will adjust to bring that within limits
 PIC2711DEV Significance
• To maintain COT header PIC SV above its
Override
• If this variable touches its limits, BL PIC
will adjust to bring COT header PIC within
limits
• If BL PIC gets saturated, then it will start
varying Feed to bring PIC2711DEV within
limits
 PIC2714DEV Significance
• To maintain BL PIC SV above its Override
• If this variable touches its limits, BL PIC
will adjust to make it live
 STLX O/L Temp Control
• Controlled by BFW I/L to STLX
• Roof temperature (High limit) is also
controlled by BFW I/L to STLX, if STLX
O/L temperature is within limits
CCF Calculation
DMC Matrix for Furnace Model (1)
DMC Matrix for Furnace Model (2)
 Furnace DMCplus Control Hierarchy

• First Priority (Safety)

– Stack Oxygen, STLX Process side O/L Temp
• Second Priority (handles to control other CVs)
– Valve Outputs
• Third Priority (Quality)
– Effluent Conversion and Delta of “BL” and “TC” fuel gas header
• Fourth Priority (Soft Constraints)
– Dilution steam ratio, TMT, Run length
• Fifth Priority (At EOR)
– Maximum CPR
 GC Furnace APC
Feed Model
(Ethane_FM & Propan_FM )
 Introduction
• Feed Model is meant to have a consistent
feed pushing / Dragging in all operating
zones
• Ethane and Propane Feed DRUM levels
will be controlled by the controller
• Using CLP, this controller will be
communicating with different constraints of
the plant and will be adjusting the Zone
wise feed accordingly
 Composite Linear Programming

Prices
SS gain
Rank

Ethane_FM
Zone C2 C2 Level
CGC Cold
H10 Hot
3 Stg pr
rd
Constraint Constraint
Zone C3
H11 Propane_FM
C3 Level Total C2 + C3
H12
% Vol / Vol of C2
H13
H14
 Variables (Ethane_FM)
MV (2) DV (1+3* 5 = 16) CV (3 + 3*5 = 18 )

Dummy_C2 EP Pre-Fractionator C2 Reflux Drum Level

Feed
FIC5004SV H10/11/12/13/14 Zone ET Bottom PDI
(Ethane Recycle from ET) 1 C2 flow

H10/11/12/13/14 Zone ET Bottom Level

2 C2 flow
H10/11/12/13/14 Zone H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 1 C2
3 C2 flow flow
H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 2 C2
flow
H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 3 C2
flow
 Variables (Propan_FM)
MV (2) DV (1+3* 5 = 16) CV ( 3+ 3*5 = 18)

Dummy_C3 FIC1414SV LIC14011PV

(Feed from GCPTCL) (C3 GCPTCL vaporizer)

FIC5603SV H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 1 LIC5603PV

( Recycle Propane ) C3 flow   (Propylene Stripper Level)

H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 2 H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 1 C3

C3 flow   flow  

H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 3 H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 2 C3

C3 flow   flow  

H10/11/12/13/14 Zone 3 C3
flow  
DMC Matrix for Ethane_FM(1)
DMC Matrix for Ethane_FM(2)
DMC Matrix for Propane_FM(1)
DMC Matrix for Propane_FM(2)
 Variables (CGC)
MV (2) DV (6) CV (15)
Dummy_CGC Tot C2 FF PI3704PV
CGC 3rd Stage Disch Pres

PIC3703SV Tot C3 FF TI3712PV

(CGC 3rd Stage CGC 3rd Stage Discharge Temp
Suction Pr) (Deg C)
HALPG V09 SI9261PV
CGC Speed
PI8121PV PIC3703MV
( VHP Steam Pr) CGC 1st Stage Suction Pressure OP
TI8001PV ( Cooling DP Load (Calculated)
Water Inlet Temp)
FREQPV FI4104PV
(Power Frequency) DMPS Load
Total C2
Total C3
DMC Matrix for CGC(1)
DMC Matrix for CGC(2)
DMC Matrix for CGC(3)
DMC Matrix for CGC(4)
CLP
Composite Linear Programme (CLP)
• The Composite Linear Program (CLP) is a technology that allows the
coordinated action of multiple DMCplus controllers by providing
consistently calculated steady state manipulated and controlled variable
targets to several controllers.

• The product utilizes the same Linear Program (LP) technology that is
embedded inside the DMCplus controllers. The Composite LP variable set
is a superset comprised of every controlled variable (CV), manipulated
variable (MV) and disturbance variable (DV) that is contained in any
participating controller. Therefore a solution from the Composite LP,
honors the constraints and utilizes the manipulated variables of all the
participating controllers.

• The CLP is tremendously useful in applications where a large part of the

unit is under the control of several DMCplus controllers or in applications
involving controllers on separate processes with significantly different
times to steady state that are linked by common constraints.
Composite Linear Programming
Stage of Without With CLP
Calculation CLP

SS Prediction Individual Individual

SS Optimization Individual All controllers will

participate in CLP to
find an optimum
solution
Move Plan Individual Individual
Calculation
 CLP Operation
• CGC, Ethane_FM, Propan_FM and minimum any three
Furnace Controllers should be in running condition to ON
CLP.
• Enter Total Ethane and Propane load required in CG
Controller (FUR_TOT_C2 and FUR_TOT_C3 – Both in
High and low limits)
• Keep the limits of Furnace Controller’s Feed MVs
relaxed so that it can make up the required load
• External Target Switch will go from ON to OFF Mode in
the next cycle after CLP turns ON from OFF
• Load variation can be done at a maximum of 2.5 TPH
per cycle (Cycle time is 2 min)
 CLP Shutdown
• If FUR_TOT_C2 or FUR_TOT_C3 variables
goes outside validity limits (± 5 TPH of the
current value), CGC will turn OFF
• If CGC or FM_Propan or FM_Ethane turns OFF,
CLP will go to OFF Mode
• CLP can be turned OFF from PCWS screen by
the CLP ON/OFF switch
• Furnace Feed External Target will turn ON
automatically when CLP goes from ON to OFF
mode and sets the current value as the ET
target
 Feed Distribution
• Zone wise Feed is distributed as per the Furnace current
running parameters.
• Following parameters affects the Feed Distribution:
– Oxygen Lower limit
– Arch/Roof Temperature upper limit
– Lower and Higher limits of TC-SPD (COT SV-PV)
– COT Header PIC deviation (PIC SV-Override) lower and upper
limit
– TMT upper limit
– CPR Upper limit
– Draft Valve Output lower and upper limits
– Attemperator Valve output upper limit
– Feed Valve output upper limit
– COT Header PIC Valve output upper limit
• If any of the above parameters touches their mentioned
limits it will affect the Feed distribution in that particular
Zone/Furnace.
 Feed CLP Cost Calculation
• When Furnaces are in CLP, then the Feed
distribution will be done with respect to the
following calculation if there is no
individual furnace Zone Constraints.
{IND:FIC2011_C2|CLPCST} = C2_CLP_CST +
({IND:FIC2011_C2|VIND} - {IND:FIC2011_C2|ULINDM}) /
({IND:FIC2011_C2|ULINDM} - {IND:FIC2011_C2|LLINDM})
* C2_CLP_CST * CLP_CST_FAC
Where,
– C2_CLP_CST - CLP Cost for Ethane Feed
– {IND:FIC2011_C2|VIND} - Current Feed to Furnace
– {IND:FIC2011_C2|ULINDM} - Feed Upper limit
– {IND:FIC2011_C2|LLINDM} - Feed Lower limit
– CLP_CST_FAC - Multiplication Factor (0.01)
 Importance of Panel Officer
• Operating Limits for MVs and CVs will be
given by panel officer
– MV limits
• Limits are Hard bound i.e. will not be crossed in
any circumstances by DMC controller
• Try to keep the limits relaxed for providing a better
platform for DMC controller
– CV Limits
• Not meant for frequent changes
• Can be dropped by DMC controller on the basis of
relative priorities