Multiplexing and IOT

Concept of Multiplexing
The Basic Types of Multiplexing 
• There are four basic approaches to multiplexing that each have a set of
variations and implementations –
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) –
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) –
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) –
• Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
• TDM and FDM are widely used
• WDM is a form of FDM used for optical fiber
• CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell phone mechanisms
Frequency Division Multiplexing
•  It is an analog technique.
• Signals of different frequencies are combined into a composite signal
and is transmitted on the single link.
• Bandwidth of a link should be greater than the combined bandwidths
of the various channels.
• Each signal is having different frequency.
• Channels are separated by the strips of unused bandwidth called
Guard Bands (to prevent overlapping).
 Wave Division Multiplexing
• WDM is an analog multiplexing technique.
• Working is same as FDM.
• In WDM different signals are optical or light
signals that are transmitted through optical
fiber.
• Various light waves from different sources are
combined to form a composite light signal that is
transmitted across the channel to the receiver.
• At the receiver side, this composite light signal is
broken into different light waves by DE
multiplexer.
• This Combining and the Splitting of light waves is
done by using a PRISM. Prism bends beam of
light based on the angle of incidence and the
frequency of light wave.
Time Division Multiplexing
•  It is the digital multiplexing technique.
• Channel/Link is not divided on the basis
of frequency but on the basis of time.
• Total time available in the channel is
divided between several users.
• Each user is allotted a particular time
interval called time slot or slice.
• In TDM the data rate capacity of the
transmission medium should be greater
than the data rate required by sending
of receiving devices.
Internet of things and
Telecommunication
IOT – internet of things
• The Internet of Things (IoT) refers
to the ever-growing network of
• M2M (Machine to Machine)
physical objects that feature an IP
address for internet connectivity, • “Internet of Everything” (Cisco Systems)
and the communication that
• “World Size Web” (Bruce Schneider)
occurs between these objects and
other Internet-enabled devices • “Skynet” (Terminator movie)
and systems.
• It is also referred to as Machine-
to-Machine (M2M), Skynet or
Internet of Everything.
The Structure of IoT 
• The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of networks of devices and
computers connected through a series of intermediate technologies where
numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as enablers of this
connectivity.
• Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs.
• Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the
environment.
• Shrinking Things : Reduction and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller
things to interact and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
• Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the
network connection to the Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent
control.
The changing face of the telecommunication industry

• With each passing year and the introduction of new generation products in the market, it
becomes impossible to streamline companies into generic categories such as computer hardware,
consumer electronics and communication.  Imagine a cell phone being able to do everything
ranging from taking photograph to surfing the internet.
• The growth of wireless communication through the emergence of 3G and 4G networks boosted
download speed and improved service with VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol making it
possible to send data packets and phone calls over the internet and other forms of network such
as IM-based VoIP. Although the consistency and quality of VoIP is not as good as the old time
phone network but it’s getting there.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF
IoT Criticisms and Controversies of IoT 
• Scalability • Privacy
• Technological Standardization • Security
• Inter operability
• Autonomy and Control
• Discovery
• Social control
• Software complexity
• Data volumes and interpretation
• Political manipulation
• Power Supply • Design
• Interaction and short range communication • Environmental impact
• Wireless communication • Influences human moral decision
• Fault tolerance making
Assignment

Watch out these movies and write What “The Dark Knight “, “Iron
man”, “TERMINATOR” and “wall-E” teach us about IOT?