Genus Sulfurisphaera

• Cells are irregular cocci with a diameter ranging from 1.2 – 1.5 µm.
• Gram-negative
• Sulfurisphaera is facultatively anaerobic heterotroph.
• Has an envelope surrounding the cell membrane.
• Each of the cells contain caldarchaeol and calditoglycerocaldarchaeol as the core
lipids.
• Has no pili or flagella
• The growth of the cells occurs between 63 and 92ºC and at pH 1.0 amd 5.0. It
forms colonies that are smooth, roundly convex and slightly yellow.
• Sulfurisphaera is able to grow on proteinaceous, complex substrates such as
yeast extract or tryptone, however growth does not occur on simple sugars or
amino acids.
• Poor growth does occur under anaerobic conditions by oxidation or reduction of
sulfur.
• Only one species has been described; Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis.
Importance:

• Sulfurisphaera grows in hot acidic springs in Ohwaku Valley, Hakone, Japan.

• This genus is considered as part sulfur-metabolizing order and which occurs in
acidic solfataras which are natural volcanic steam vent in which sulfur gases are
the dominant constituent along with hot water vapour.
• These can be used in industrial processes to generate hydrogen sulfide for the
precipitation of metals.
• Some can use both elemental sulfur and sulfate as electron acceptors.
 REFERENCE:

Garrity, M. D., (2001). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2ed, Volume One: The
Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. Springer.
Genus Methanomicrococcus
• Members of this genus have been found in pharmaceutical wastewater, and can contribute to the
degradation of organic contaminants.
• Cells are irregular coccoid in shape.
• Possess a protein s-layer wall, and some species also produce an outer heteropolysaccharide layer.
• They are strictly anaerobic and survive by producing methane.
• Specialized in methane formation by the hydrogen-dependent reduction of methanol,
monomethyl-, dimethyl- or trimethylamine.
 REFERENCES:

Sprenger, W., Hackstein, J. & Keltjens, J. The Energy Metabolism Of Methanomicrococcus

Blatticola: Physiological And Biochemical Aspects. Antonie van leeuwenhoek 87, 289–299
(2005) doi:10.1007/s10482-004-5941-5
Genus Ferroglobus
• Cells irregular coccoid, 0.7-1.3 µm in diameter
• Motile by monopolar flagella
• Weak blue-green fluorescence
• Facultatively chemolithoautotrophic
• Growth by the oxidation of Fe (II).
GENUS ROSEIFLEXUS
• ROSEIFLEXUS IS A FILAMENTOUS ANOXYGENIC PHOTOTROPH, ONE OF THE
GREEN FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA.
• DOES NOT HAVE CHLOROSOMES, WHICH ARE A TYPE OF LIGHT-HARVESTING
STRUCTURE.
• THE CELL IS OF 0.8 – 1.0 µm .
GENUS SYNECHOCOCCUS
• A unicellular cyanobacterium that is very widespread in the marine environmenent.
• The size varies from 0.8 -1.5 µm.
• Photosynthetic coccoid cells which are preferentially found in well-lit surface waters where it can be very
abundant.
• Gram-negative cells with highly structured cell walls that may contain projections on the surface.
• Cells are known to be motile by a gliding method.
• They can cause destructive blooms, producing neurotoxins.
•
• Synechococcus is a model in genetic studies since 1968. It is spontaneously transformable, able
to integrate foreign DNA by homologous recombination.
• It was the first photosynthetic organism to have its entire genome sequenced.
• Synechococcus is considered to be an ideal organism for the production of organic products.
• Synechococcus produce a variety of antifungal and antibacterial toxins , but
GENUS TRICHODESMIUM
• Found in nutrient poor tropical and subtropical ocean waters .
• Trichodesmium is a diazotroph; that is, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, a nutrient used by other
organisms.
• Has a gram-negative cell wall.
• Trichodesmium lacks heterocysts which are structures found in cyanobacteria which protect nitrogenase from
oxygenation.
• This photosynthetic cyanobacteria can be found as filaments (trichoma) comprised of 10’s – 100’s of cells or in
colonies 1-10 mm in length made up of about 50-200 filaments.
• Trichodesmium contributes a large portion of the marine ecosystem’s new nitrogen.
GENUS RHODOSPIRILLUM
• CLASS: ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA
• ORDER: RHODOSPIRILLALES
• FAMILY: RHODOSPIRILLACEAE
 ORDER I. RHODOSPIRILLALES

• The order rhodospirillales was circumscribed for this volume on

• The basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rrna sequences; the
• Order contains the families rhodospirillaceae and acetobacteraceae.
• Order is morphologically, metabolically, and ecologically diverse.
• Includes chemoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, and facultative
• Photoheterotrophs; some of the latter are also able to
• Grow photoautotrophically. Other species can grow methylotrophically.
 FAMILY I. RHODOSPIRILLACEAE

• The family rhodospirillaceae contains the genera rhodospirillum (type genus), azospirillum,
inquilinus, levispirillum, magnetospirillum, phaeospirillum, rhodocista, rhodospira, rhodovibrio,
roseospira, skermanella, thalassospira, and tistrella.
• Preferred mode of growth for most genera is photoheterotrophic under anoxic conditions in light.
• Grow chemotrophically in the dark.
• Azospirillum, magnetospirillum, and skermanella are chemoorganotrophic.
• Motile by means of polar flagella; may have lateral flagella.
 GENUS I. RHODOSPIRILLUM

• Cells are vibrioid to spiral shaped, are motile by means of bipolar flagella, and multiply by binary fission.
• Gram negative, belonging to the alphaproteobacteria
• Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as vesicles or as lamellae forming a sharp angle to the
cytoplasmic membrane.
• Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll a (esterified with phytol or geranylgeraniol) and
carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series with spirilloxanthin itself lacking in some species.
• Ubiquinones and rhodoquinones with 8 or 10 isoprene units are present. Major cellular fatty acids are
C18:1, C16:1, and C16:0, with C18:1 as dominant component (51– 55% of total fatty acids).
• Grow preferentially photoheterotrophically under anoxic conditions in the light.
• Photoautotrophic growth with molecular hydrogen and sulfide as photosynthetic electron donors
may occur.
• Chemotrophic growth occurs under microoxic to oxic conditions in the dark. Some species are very
sensitive to oxygen; others grow equally well aerobically in the dark.
• Fermentation and oxidant-dependent growth may occur. Polysaccharides, poly-b hydroxybutyric
acid and polyphosphates may be present as storage products.
• Growth factors required. Mesophilic freshwater bacteria with preference for neutral ph.
GENUS RICKETTSIA
ORDER II. RICKETTSIALES
FAMILY I. RICKETTSIACEAE
GENUS I. RICKETTSIA
 ORDER II. RICKETTSIALES

• Rod-shaped, coccoid or irregularly shaped bacteria with typical gram-negative cell walls and no
flagella. Multiply only inside host cells.
• Can be cultivated in living tissues such as those of embryonated chicken eggs and metazoan cell cultures.
All are regarded as parasitic or mutualistic.
• The bacteria are parasitic forms associated with host cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, the
hematopoietic system, or the vascular endothelium of vertebrates; with various organs and tissues of
helminths; or with tissues of arthropods, which may act as vectors or primary hosts.
• May cause disease in man or in other vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. Mutualistic forms in insects and
helminths may be required for development and reproduction of the host under some circumstances.
 FAMILY I. RICKETTSIACEAE

• Mainly diplococcus-shaped, but can also be rod shaped or coccoid.

• Gram negative.
• Obligately intracellular. Intimately associated with arthropod hosts.
• No flagella or endospores occur.
• No member of the family has yet been cultivated in cell-free media.
• Some species can be parasitic in man and other vertebrates, causing diseases (e.G., Typhus and related
illnesses in man) that are transmitted by arthropods (lice, fleas, ticks and mites).
• Some are confined to the invertebrate host as pathogens or symbionts.
 GENUS I. RICKETTSIA

• Short, often paired rods, 0.3–0.5 0.8–2.0 lm.

• The rickettsial envelope has a typical gram-negative structure with a bilayer inner membrane, a peptidoglycan layer, and a bilayer
outer membrane.
• The cells are often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer.
• Rickettsiae retain basic fuchsin when stained by the method of gime´nez (1964).
• The organisms are obligately intracellular and reside free in the cytoplasm of the eucaryotic host cell, where they divide by
binary fission. Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group (SFG) may also reside in the nucleus of the eucaryotic host cells.
• Rickettsiae are closely associated with arthropods (ticks, mites, fleas, lice, and other insects) for their maintenance in nature.
• Their natural cycle usually involves both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. For some, the arthropod host is both a reservoir and a
vector.
GENUS LEISINGERA
GENUS PORPHYROBACTER
• Cells are straight, pleomorphic, ovoid-to-short rods, or cocci.
• Cells are 0.5 – 1.0 0.8–2.0 lm.
• Spores and capsules are not formed. Multiply by budding or binary fission. Gram negative.
Members of the alphaproteobacteria.
• Motile or nonmotile. Do not form any type of internal membranes.
• Synthesize bacteriochlorophyll a esterified with phytol and carotenoids as photosynthetic
pigments only under aerobic conditions in the dark.
• STRICTLY AEROBIC, CHEMOORGANOHETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA CONTAINING
• BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL. DO NOT GROW PHOTOTROPHICALLY UNDER ANOXIC
• CONDITIONS IN THE LIGHT. SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, PEPTONE,
• AND YEAST EXTRACT USED AS ELECTRON DONORS AND CARBON
• SOURCES. PRODUCE ACID BUT NOT GAS FROM GLUCOSE. CATALASE POSITIVE
• AND OXIDASE NEGATIVE. SOME STRAINS MAY REQUIRE VITAMINS FOR
• GROWTH.
• MESOPHILIC TO MODERATELY THERMOPHILIC, NEUTROPHILIC FRESHWATER
• BACTERIA.
• STRAIGHT-CHAIN OCTADECENOIC ACID (C18:1) IS THE MAJOR CELLULAR
• FATTY ACID. 2-HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS AND SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS ARE PRESENT.
• 3-HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS ARE ABSENT. UBIQUINONE-10 IS THE MAJOR
• QUINONE.