1

APA Advanced:
Preparing for
FSEHS Final Review
(Using APA 6th ed.)
APA Advanced: preparing for FSEHS Final Review (using APA 2007 Style Guide)
Hot off the press in 2009!
Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
6th ed.
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc
 Title:

Student’s Name

Info on Applied Dissertation

Institution
Year
Disable Auto-Formatting in Word

Before you type a word:

• Go to Format
• Lines and Page Breaks
• Uncheck first 4 boxes

It is OK to turn off
Widow/Orphan control.
 Table of Contents

• Do NOT use a row of

periods in the TOC!
Need to use a “dot
leader”.

• How to Set Up Tabs

and Dots for TOC:
http://www.schoolofed
.nova.edu/arc/word/
tochowto.doc
Use ERIC Thesaurus to Identify
ERIC Descriptors for Abstract

Abstract
Free Version of ERIC Thesaurus
 Pagination
• Use roman numerals in
first section for
Acknowledgments,
Abstract, and TOC – at
bottom in the middle of
the page
 Pagination in Body of Paper
• Page numbers go in
upper right-hand
corner

• Use a section break to

divide the paper into
sections to change
from roman
numerals at bottom to
numbers in upper right
 Pagination in Word 2007
• Page numbers go in
upper right-hand
corner

• Use a section break to

divide the paper into
sections to change
from roman
numerals at bottom to
numbers in upper right
 No running headers 12

• 1½ inch left
Margins
margin for
dissertation.

• For the final See ARC document,

dissertation Tips for Correct Margins
report, use a http://www.schoolofed.nova.
edu/arc/word/margins.doc
ruler
Tip: Try setting
bottom margin
at 0.95 inches.

• Tables and
appendices MUST
have correct margins!
Spacing
 APA Headings
• Bolding used
72
for headings & Formatting rules for the paper – no bolding, no underlining, not bullets, APA headings

mathematical Chapter 3
Level 1
symbols but Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title

not text. page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,

tables, and figure captions.  APA does permit single spacing within

• No underlining references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326

of the Publication Manual.)

• No Methodology Level 2
Introduction Major headings require specific formatting (a) The first word of
section the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,

short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not

capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.

Sample and
Exceptions forPopulation.
dissertation. Other issues also need to be Level 3
Headings --APA (6th ed.) , p. 62

Use Level 1 Headings

Level 2 – Flush Left, Bold, Upper and

Lower Case Side Heading

Level 3 is indented, bold, uses

lowercase, and ends with a period.
Don’t use Microsoft Word
headings
Ahah!

Do not use
Word’s
headings to
format the
different levels
of APA
headings.
Level 2
Definition of Terms This is not
numbered so
For theFormatting definitions
purposes of this study, do not use
the following terms are defined. a colon.
Level 3 Information literacy. This phrase refers to a
set of standards approved by …
Outcomes. For the purposes of this applied
dissertation, outcome refers to ….
Assessment. This term refers to …
Italicized -- APA, p. 91

Note bolding and period after word or phrase being

defined when using Level 3 format. Use complete
sentence(s) for the definition of the term or phrase.
Paragraph Seriation Numbered list for conclusions,
steps in a process, chronology,
Method
Formatting research questions
or priority.
The methodology of this applied dissertation
followed the following three steps:
1. The sample and participants were
identified. …. The arabic
numerals
2. Assessment measures were selected….
followed by
3. Implementation took place over a period
a period.
of one school year….

Paragraph seriation – Indented. The second line

wraps back to margin. APA manual, pp. 63-64
 Seriation for items in a
A colon is not sentence or paragraph
used when the Seriation in paragraph APA, p. 64
list is not
numbered

The ACRL Information Literacy

Comprehensive Standards address the ability
of students (a) to determine the nature and
extent of the information need, (b) to access
information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
to evaluate information critically.

Items are not indented. Use lowercase letters in

parentheses. Do not italicize.
 Seriation in paragraph

The ACRL Information Literacy

Comprehensive Standards address the ability
of students (a) to determine the nature and
extent of the information need, (b) to access
information efficiently and accurately, and (c)
to evaluate information critically.

Use commas to separate 3 or more elements. If

there are no internal commas, use commas. If
there are internal commas, use semicolons.
 Appendices
• Must have correct margins and
all pages in appendices must be
numbered

• Each appendix must have an

individual cover page

• Do not include any appendices

that are not mentioned in the text

• Do not include IRB information

• If there is only one appendix,

just use Appendix,
not Appendix A
 Slang vs Use quotation
marks for slang,
Key or Linguistic Term coined, or ironic
terms. p. 91
• The students felt “slammed” by the email.

• The term school media specialist is defined

in this study to include only librarians with
MLS degrees and state certification.
• The letter b was used to …
Italicize linguistic
examples and
technical or key
terms. p. 91
 Use
sparingly
Abbreviations and
Acronyms:
Abbreviations and acronyms

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Nova Southeastern University (NSU)
• Spell out first time
• Must abbreviate thereafter
Parenthetical Nonparenthetical (in the text)
Use Latin Use English
(e.g., ) for example,
(i.e., ) that is,
(, etc. ) , and so forth
APA, pp. 106-111
 Statistical Abbreviations and
Symbols
• Use standard typeface for Greek letters,
subscripts, superscripts, and abbreviations
that function as identifiers, not variables.
sin, log, β
• Symbols for vectors and matrices are
bolded.
V, ∑

APA manual, p. 118

 Statistical Abbreviations and
Symbols
• Italicize letters used as statistical symbols:
f – frequency
Mdn – median
n – number in a subsample
N – number in a sample
p – probability
P – percentage, percentile
t – computed value for t test

APA manual, pp. 119-121

 Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114
• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:

343 students in 26 classes

• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:

A total of six experiments went awry.

 Numbers: See APA pp. 111-114

• Use figures for all times – years, months, days, hours, minutes

The teachers take 3 hours to complete the work.

3 months ago 2 weeks later 11:30 a.m.

• Numbers representing dates, age, exact sums of money

April 16, 2007 2-year-olds reimbursed $5

• Exception --Use word when a number is the first word in the

sentence.

Two hours is more than enough time.

 Numbers, cont.

More exceptions:

• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table

Table 5
Session 3
Grade 7

• Percentages, fractions, ratios, percentiles, quartiles

Twenty-four percent replied but 76% did not.

APA manual, pp. 111-114

• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• In Grade 1, the students … (APA, p. 125f)
• In first grade, the students… (APA, p. 125f)
but
In 12th grade, the students …
(Note: Do NOT use superscript -- 12th grade)
Twelfth grade presents….
• The first-grade students …
(hyphenated compound adjective APA, p. 91)
but
The 12th-grade students (APA p. 128, 3.45)
 1. Tenth-grade students ate in the cafeteria.
or

2. 10th-grade students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.

or

2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. 

or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
 Compound Adjectives
• Role playing • Role-playing technique
• High anxiety • High-anxiety situations
• Seventh grade • Seventh-grade students
but

• Type II error
• Post hoc comparisons
• randomly assigned
participants

APA manual, pp. 98 - 100

 Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 88-89

 Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

 Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79

 Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
But:
• Comma are not used to separate a compound predicate
Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
APA (6th ed.), pp. 78-79
 Rules for Capitalizing Titles
APA manual, p. 101

Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text

title but not in reference list.
• Article title:
– In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of
Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate techniques.
– In reference citation:
Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city
students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.
• Book title:
– In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a
modern classic. Capitalize all words
– In reference citation: of four letters or
Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New
York: Dell. more as well as
verbs in text but not
reference list.
 Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso
University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
Proper names

APA manual, pp. 96-97

 Capitalizing Proper Names of School/
University Departments and Courses
• Department of Education, Valparaiso University
• Doctoral Studies Orientation 8000
• Educational Assessment 101
but
Trade names
• an education department
• a doctoral orientation
• an educational assessment course

APA manual, p. 102

 Other Proper Names
• In the third week, the class will be…
but
• In Week 3, the class will be …

• In the second chapter, read the section …

but
• In Chapter 2, read the section on ….
 Formatting for Direct Quotes:
In midsentence
The principal stated, “Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class
quotes

assignments” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34), but she concluded that they always summarized

the essential content of the paper.

At end of a sentence
Tunon (2006) found that “instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class

assignments” (p. 34). Use a colon if there

is a complete
Block quote introductory phrase.
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to

use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Tunon (2006) found the following:

Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, … or report when used in the body of the paper.  Use a shot [sic] title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)
 When Citing Direct Quotes
Citing direct quotes

“… victims of emotional abuse” (O’Higgins,

2004, p. 237) .

Vest (2008) reported that "empirical research

verified compliance" (p. 48).

in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate

Dictionary, 2001, p. 346).

See APA manual, pp. 92, 171-173.

Text Cites of Electronic Resources
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes
(2005) found that the results should be “based on
assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed
and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).
Use name of section.
“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango
were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,
Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative
Resarch,” para. 5).
Use shortened title in quotation marks.

See APA (6th ed.), p. 172

 Paraphrasing
• To avoid plagiarizing, express other
people’s ideas, theories, and research in
your own words.
• You still must give credit to the author(s)
by citing the source using author-date of
publication method.
• Self-plagiarism.
 Paraphrasing
Direct quote
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).

More than 50% reworded

Paraphrased
When the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of
2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most sweeping education
reform in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
(Smith, 2004).

APA manual, p. 349

 46% of Paper Plagiarized Found Using
Turnitin Words in blue
were taken
• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth grader’s
verbatim from
transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance
tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of one source.
connectedness,
and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase
in anxiety concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So
far,
Wordshave
transition programs in red
varied widely within schools, and designs range from a o
ne-day overviewwereof a taken
new school to a full school year of career-focused curriculum.
Although theverbatim
scope offrom
research
a varies as much as the programs themselves, sever
al important aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparent that longer-term co
mprehensive second
transition programming can be beneficial.
source.
Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost
one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,
Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school
(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006).
The most common reasons for dropping out of high school are
attitude towards school, poor school performance, and poor
Therelationship
original ideawith
was teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic performance,
from motivation,(Lan
Lan & Lanthier,
decreased and&anLanthier, 2003).
increased sense of alienation from the school
but environment
the source of (Lan
this & Lanthier, 2003). Research also revealed that high school
students often
“paraphrase” consider the social organizational changes and academic
was not Onlywork
a as
few
the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).
cited. words were
paraphrased.
 Basic Citation Styles
Citations in text:
Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated
Quinlan et al. (2008) observed
(et al. is used after first use when there are
three or more authors)

Parenthetical citations in text:

(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008)
(Quinlan et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors:

Wienhorst et al. (2009) Always use et al. for
(Wienhorst et al., 2009) six or more authors.

See APA manual, p. 177

 Groups as Authors
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…
First citation in text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
Subsequent citations in text:
APA (2009) observed…

Parenthetical citations in text:

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)

NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do

not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
See APA manual, pp. 106-107 for abbreviations, p. 177 for group authors
 Groups as Authors
American Psychological Association (APA) was founded in…
First citation in text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) stated…
Subsequent citations in text:
APA (2008) observed…

Parenthetical format, first and subsequent citations:

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)

NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do

not switch back and forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
See APA manual, p. 177
 Citing Several Resources
Within Same Parentheses
Citing sevral resources

A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007)

found….

A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976;

Skinner, 1956) found....

Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002,

2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b)
See APA manual, pp. 176-178.
 Secondary Sources

Text citation:
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as
cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
1993) …
List the primary source in the reference list entry:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller,
M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud.
Psychological Review, 100(5), 589-608.
Formatting Reference List
Citations
Eight or More Authors in Reference List

Zapeta, L., Ramirez, L., Jones, K., Smith, R.

Bardeen, E., Stonebraker, M. B., …
Obata, H. (2007). The greening of
America. Journal of Environmental
Studies, 12(4), 43-47.

When you have eight or more authors, list the first six authors’
names and then insert three ellipses, followed by the last author’s
name.
See APA manual, pp. 184, 198
 Spacing after Punctuation:
Use the find and replace feature
Students’ scores
improved. The study
demonstrated that …

Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting.

Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24.
Exception: Hyphenated initials
Smith, E.-R. (2009).
 Magazines, Newsletters, and Newspapers:
Formatted Differently Than Journals

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10).

Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science,
20, 1113-1120.

The new health-care lexicon. (1993, Spring). Copy Editor, 4,

1-2.
Newspaper
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

See APA manual, p. 200

Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)
 How to find a DOI for an article?

Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus
reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 49(3), 660-670.
Coming soon! DOI lookup tool
 Reference with a DOI

Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the chorus
reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092
-4388(2006/048)
 Article and Book with Assigned DOIs

Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory

experience in supervisor performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 78(5), 443-449.
doi:10.1037 /0002-9432.76.4.482

Schaeffer, A. (2009). Life in the fast lane.

doi:10.2312/ 2342113949

• No URL is needed because the DOI functions as both a

unique identifier of the content and a link to the content.
• No location or publisher is included for an electronic version
of a book.
When to Use Retrieval Statements:
• If there is no DOI, then ask:
• Was it obtained from an open access source or
can you provide URL?
DOI available
Compare two formats
Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
43-49. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Exact URL for open access journal
Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
43-49. Retrieved from http://ojs.swin.edu.au
/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
From a subscription database, no DOI (FSEHS recommendation)
Borman, W. C. (1993). Role of early supervisory
experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78,
43-49.
 In-Press Article and Advance Online Publication

Clark, K. F. (in press). What can I say besides “sound it out”?

Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
Teacher. Retrieved from http://rtprints.org/2009/1/clark.pdf

Clark, K. F. (2009). What can I say besides “sound it out”?

Coaching word recognition in beginning reading. The Reading
Teacher. Advance online publication. doi:10.2134/palgrave
.jnro.231623
• Use (in press) when the article is not yet officially published. Use Advance
online publication when it has not been formatted for final production.
• Use the exact URL when the article is informally published and available
through a preprint archive .
• Update the reference with the final version of the reference when finally
published. APA (6th ed.) pp. 199-200
 Unpublished Dissertations
(Such as NSU MARPs and Practicums)

Batson-George, A. (2008). Evaluating the library training

programs for graduate psychology students (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University,
Fort Lauderdale, FL.

• Identify unpublished dissertation or theses in parentheses after

title.

APA (6th ed.) pp. 207-208

 Dissertation from a Commercial Database:
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database
DAI – vol.#, issue #, p. #, etc

• If the dissertation is available through PD&T, give the accession

number in parentheses at the end of the reference.
• Use (UMI No. 9934633) Do not put a period after the number.

APA (6th ed.) p. 208

 Dissertation Obtained from PD&T
Published dissertation citation –
Clarke, D. C. (2001). Differences in
student dropout th
rate, attendance rate,
5 ed.
and grade point average after the
implementation of the North Carolina
Dropout Prevention/Drivers License Law
(Doctoral dissertation). Available from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
database. (UMI No. 45689011)

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses is a commercial

database so include (Doctoral dissertation) in parentheses
after the dissertation title.
• Use Available from since the name of the database is
provided where the document can be obtained.
• Use (UMI No. XXXXXXXX) instead of (AAT XXXXXXXX).
APA manual, p. 208, # 40
 Online Newspaper Citation:
“Give the URL of the home page when the online version of
the article is available by search to avoid nonworking URLs”
(APA, 2009, p. 201) .

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting

their emotions, most people flunk out. The
New York Times. Retrieved http://www
.nytimes.com/

Break URLs after slash or before

No period period. (APA, p. 271)
after Web Before most punctuation (APA p.
addresses. 192)
 Electronic-Only Book
Peltier-Davis, C., & Renwick, S. (Eds.) (2007).
Caribbean libraries in the 21st century
[Monograph]. Retrieved from
http://www .infotoday .com/1212.html

 Include http:// in the URL and remove hyperlink.

Do not use superscript for 21st
 Use [Monograph] to clarify the type of resource.
 Use “Retrieved from” instead of “Available from”
when the URL leads to information to the material
itself rather than on how to obtain the cited material.
 Archival Documents
• Discontinued journals, monographs,
dissertations, or papers not formally
published.
• If you cannot easily located through
primary publishing channels, give the home
or entry page URL for online archives such
as ERIC and JSTOR.

APA (6th ed.), p. 192

ERIC Report
 ERIC Citation

Boone, Young, & Associates. (1984). Minority

enrollment in graduate and professional
schools: Recruitment, admissions, financial
assistance [Handbook]. Princeton, NJ: Educational
Testing Service. Retrieved from ERIC database.
(ED396652)
 Data Sets
U.S. Department of Education, Institution of Education
Sciences, National Center for Educational Statistics.
(2008). Profiles of undergraduates in U.S. postsecondary
institutions [Data file]. Retrieved from http://nces.ed
.gov/globallocator/col_info _popup.asp?ID=136215

• Italicize the title of a data set.

• In brackets immediately after the title, identify the type of
source – [Data file].

APA manual, pp. 210-211

 Software
NVivo 8, SPSS, Excel -- proper name of standard
software is only referenced in text.

Tunon, J. (2007). Citation analyzer [Computer

software]. Nova Southeastern University,

Fort Lauderdale, FL.
• The name of the computer is not italicized.
• Put [Computer software] in brackets.
• If it is not published, then it needs to be cited in the reference list.

APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211

 Measurement Instrument
Unpublished instrument
Malkasian, C. (2007). Malkasian Information
Literacy Scale. Unpublished instrument.
Available from http://www.nova.edu/malkasian/
• Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages.
• Use Unpublished instrument.
Published instrument
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Multifactor
Leadership Inventory. Published instrument.
Available from http://www.mindgarden.com/

APA (6th ed.), pp. 210-211

Ahah! What about using
citation software?

c e s
fe ren
R e
a t?
f orm
ti on
a
Cit
 EndNote X2

• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/

• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
No Short Cut for Learning
the APA Rules
 Still confused?

Still confused?
You can call your North Miami Beach Librarian at
(800) 541-6682 ext. 28423
or email lucio@nova.edu
 Recommendation:
Hire an Editor for Final Review

disse
rt ation
 Considerations for Selecting an Editor:

• The university does not assume responsibility

for a student's contractual agreement with a
private editor or typist or for the quality of
the editor's or typist's work.
• Fully communicate with editor about the
services included, turn-around time, and
costs.
• Don’t send your only copy of manuscript to
the editor.
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 Questions?

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