INTRODUCTION TO BASIC

SCIENCE

Afzal Hossain
Assistant Professor
AIBA, SAVAR
Contact : 01920979195
E-Mail: afzal@aibasavar.edu.bd
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC
SCIENCE

LECTURE: 08-09
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What is inertia?
Inertia is the resistance of any physical object
to any change in its state of motion; this
includes changes to its speed, direction, or
state of rest. It is the tendency of objects to
keep moving in a straight line at constant
velocity.
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If a bus at rest suddenly start moving the passenger
lean backwards why? Explain your answer.
The reasons behind this is inertia. When the bus is at
rest, the body of the passenger is also at rest. When
the bus starts moving the part of the passenger's
body attached to the bus also moves with it. But, the
upper part of the body tends to remain stationary due
to inertia of rest. Thus the upper part of the body
legs behind with respect to the lower part.
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When the sudden break applied in a moving bus the
passengers lean forward. Why? Explain your
answer.
The reasons behind this is inertia. When the bus is in
motion, the passengers of the bus also in the same
speed of the bus. When the bus stop suddenly. The
lower part of body also become stationary with the
bus. But, the upper parts of the passenger’s body
move forward due to inertia of motion.
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What is force?
Force is which applied on a body at rest changes
or tries to change the state of rest and vice versa.
Force is represented by F.
The unit of force is newton (n)
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What is momentum?
A sports team that is on the move has the momentum. If
an object is in motion (on the move) then it
has momentum. Momentum can be defined as "mass in
motion." All objects have mass; so if an object is
moving, then it has momentum - it has its mass in
motion.

Momentum = mass • velocity

P=mv
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NEWTON’S LAW
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Newton’s 1st Law

The body can not change its state on its own. If
the body at rest situation, it tends to remade at rest
forever and if it is in motion it tends to keep on
motion with the uniform speed for all time.
If initial velocity=u
And final velocity=v
Then, according to newton’s first law u=v
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m
Explanation of Newton’s 1st Law
t
F A B
a
u v

Suppose, mass of an object is m, with the initial velocity

u. When we applied force F than it starts moving with
acceleration a after time t times it has final velocity v.
Then from newton's 2nd law,
F=ma
If we are not applied any external force then F=0.
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Explanation of Newton’s 1st Law

 
m
t
Now, F A B
a
0 = ma u v
=> a = 0
=>
=> v-u = 0
=> v = -u
=> v = u
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Newton’s 2nd Law  

The rate of changes momentum of body is proportional to
applied force acting it and takes place in the direction in which
the force acts.
Suppose, mass of an object is m, with the initial velocity u.
Now constant force F acts on the body for a time t in the
direction of its velocity.
Let the final velocity is v due to the application of force.
m
The initial momentum= mu
t
The final momentum= mv F A a B
Changes of momentum F∝
u v
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Newton’s 3rd Law

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Newton’s 3rd Law

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

P Q
F2 F1

Suppose P and Q are two objects and P applied a

force to Q is F1. Similarly Q applied an opposite
force to P is F2 .
According to newton’s law, F1 = -F2.
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Proof of F=ma
Suppose, mass of an object is m, with the initial velocity u. When
we applied force F than it starts moving with acceleration a after
time t times it has final velocity v.

m
t
F A B
a
u v
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 Proof of F=ma

Newton’s second law, the change of momentum is proportional to

applied force.
F∝
=> F∝ m
=> F∝ ma [ as, =a]
=> F = kma [where k is constant]………………..(I)
When F = 1 N
m = 1 kg
and a = 1 ms-2
Then from eqn. (I) we have k=1. Finally if we put the value of k in
(I) again we have F = ma
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Conservation Law of Momentum and Collision

The law of conservation of momentum states that the momentum will
remain constant no matter what until and unless any external force
comes into action.

Before Collision During Collision

After Collision
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Conservation Law of Momentum and Collision

For two objects A and B with initial masses of m1 and m2 and initial
velocity of u1 and u2 with final velocities after collision to be v1 and
v2, we can write the law as,
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Proof of Conservation Law of Momentum and

Collision:
For two objects A and B with initial masses of
m1 and m2 and initial velocity of u1 and u2 with
final velocities after collision to be v 1 and v2, Let
A>B,

. Before Collision During Collision

After Collision
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Proof of Conservation Law of Momentum and

Collision:
The force exerted on B by A is the action F1. The
object B will also exert a force F2 on A

According to Newton’s third law of motion :

F1 =- F2 …………………….(I)
During the collision, the action and reaction force
exist for the same time. Let the time duration of
action and reaction force is t.
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Proof of Conservation Law of Momentum and

 

Collision:
After the collision, the two object will continue to
move along the same straight line with their
changed velocities v1 and v2 . If due to action and
reaction, the acceleration of A and B are a 1 and a2
respectively, then form (I),
F1 =- F2
Or, m1 a1= -m2 a2

Or m1=-m2
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Proof of Conservation Law of Momentum and

 

Collision:
Or, m1=-m2

Or, m1=-m2

Or, m1=
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Mathematical Problem of Force:

Example: 3.1,3.23.3,3.4
THANK YOU