MATLAB FLOW

Simulation Results for Beam

Steering with different number
of array elements

Beam Steering for 4,8,16

element array

Phase Quantization

Null Steering of undesired

signal

IQ Imbalance

AM/PM Conversion
Beam Steering of 8 element array with 1 degree resolution from -40 to 40 degrees

BEAM STEERING
10
30 deg
31 deg
0 32 deg
33 deg
34 deg
-10 -30 deg
-31 deg
-32 deg
-20 -33 deg
-34 deg
35 deg
-30 36 deg
37 deg
38 deg
POWER(dB)

-40 39 deg
-35 deg
-36 deg
-50 -37 deg
-38 deg
-39 deg
-60 40 deg
-40 deg

-70

-80

-90

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
STEERING ANGLE(degrees)
Beam Steering of 16 element array with 1 degree resolution from -40 to 40 degrees

BEAM STEERING
10
30 deg
31 deg
0 32 deg
33 deg
34 deg
-10 -30 deg
-31 deg
-32 deg
-20 -33 deg
-34 deg
35 deg
-30 36 deg
37 deg
38 deg
POWER(dB)

-40 39 deg
-35 deg
-36 deg
-50 -37 deg
-38 deg
-39 deg
-60 40 deg
-40 deg

-70

-80

-90

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
STEERING ANGLE(degrees)
Element spacing lamda/2

METRICS 4 ELEMENT 8 ELEMENT 16 ELEMENT

   
Phase Shift Values(deg) -135.09 44.782 44.533
  -45.031 134.84 134.6
  45.031 -135.09 -135.34
  135.09 -45.031 -45.28
  45.031 44.782
  135.09 134.84
  -134.84 -135.09
  -44.782 -45.031
  45.031
  135.09
  -134.84
  -44.782
  45.28
  135.34
  -134.6
  -44.533
   
Beamwidth(deg) 31 15 8
Mainlobe/sidelobe ratio 11.4 12.8 13.2
Widening of Beamwidth and distortion due to 4 bit Phase-Quantisation
16 Element Array Red- Without quantisation
Blue – With quantisation

Steering with 6 Phase Quantization

Weights 1
Weights 2
X -3 X 33
Y -2.125 Y -1.506
0

-10

-20

-30
Normalized Power (dB)

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

Azimuth Angle (degrees)
IQ Imbalance :Model and Definition used

X- Input signal without IQ imbalance

Ia - Amplitude Imbalance (dB)
Ip - Phase Imbalance (dB)
Y- Output signal with IQ imbalance
Rising of nulls and distortion due to IQ Imbalance in Beamsteering Vectors
16-Element-Array

Ia - 20 dB Red- With IQ Imbalance

Ip - 40 degree Blue- Without IQ Imbalance

IQ Imbalance effects on Beam-steering

Without Imbalance
With Imbalance

-10
Normalized Power (dB)

-20

-30

-40

-50

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

Azimuth Angle (degrees)
Inference
1. 4-Element Array : Beamsteering beyond +/- 40 degree did not produce significant
change in beampattern
2. 8-Element-Array : No Signifcant Difference in array response by steering beyond
+/-60 degree.
3. 16-Element-Array : The same trend was observed as in the Beamwidth started
widening as the steering angle approached +/-70 degree
No Signifcant Difference in array response by steering beyond +/-70 degree.

4. But the increased steering range was arrived at the cost of increased area and
spacing expansion due to (lamda/2 spaced) antenna elements.
5. The depicted plots convey the limiting/maximum values of amplitude imbalance
beyond which the beam-steered pattern attains peak values at multiple beam
angles and becomes nearly isotropic.
Null steering response of 16 element array (desired angle =30 deg)

ARRAY RESPONSE WITH CONVENTIONAL BEAM STEERING

DESIRED ANGLE=30 deg

0
X 30
Normalized Power (dB)

-10 Y0
-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Azimuth Angle (degrees)

ARRAY RESPONSE WITH NULL STEERING

JAMMER ANGLE
0
35 deg
Normalized Power (dB)

40 deg
-20 -40 deg
-35 deg
-40

-60

X 35
-80 X -35 Y -90.29
Y -95.71
-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Azimuth Angle (degrees)
 Null steering response of 8 element array (desired angle =30 deg)

ARRAY RESPONSE WITH CONVENTIONAL BEAM STEERING

DESIRED ANGLE=30 deg

0
X 30
Normalized Power (dB)

-10 Y0

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Azimuth Angle (degrees)

ARRAY RESPONSE WITH NULL STEERING

JAMMER ANGLE
0
35 deg
Normalized Power (dB)

40 deg
-20 -40 deg
-35 deg
-40

-60

-80

-100
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Azimuth Angle (degrees)