Modal Split

• The third stage in travel demand modeling is modal split.

• The trip matrix or O-D matrix obtained from the trip distribution
is sliced into number of matrices representing each mode.
• First the significance and factors affecting mode choice problem
will be discussed.
• Then a brief discussion on the classification of mode choice will
be made.
• Two types of mode choice models will be discussed in detail. ie
binary mode choice and multinomial mode choice.
Modal Split

• PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: Public transport modes make use of

road space more efficiently than private transport. Also they
have more social benefits like if more people begin to use public
transport , there will be less congestion on the roads and the
accidents will be less.
• PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION: Private transport is highly flexible.
It provides more comfortable and convenient travel. It has
better accessibility also.
Factors Influencing Choice of Modes

1. Characteristics of the trip maker :

(a) Car availability and/or ownership;

(b) Possession of a driving license;

(c) Household structure (young couple, couple with children,

retired people etc.);

(d) Income;
Factors Influencing Choice of Modes
2. Characteristics of the journey:

(a) The trip purpose; for example, the journey to work is normally

easier to undertake by public transport than other journeys

because of its regularity and the adjustment possible in the

long run;

(b) Time of the day when the journey is undertaken.

(c) Late trips are more difficult to accommodate by public

transport.
Factors Influencing Choice of Modes
3. Characteristics of the transport facility:

(a) Relative travel time: in-vehicle, waiting and walking times by

each mode;

(b) Relative monetary costs (fares, fuel and direct costs);

(c) Availability and cost of parking

Qualitative factors which are less easy to measure are:

(d) Comfort and convenience

(e) Reliability and regularity (c) protection, security

 Binary Logit Model

• This is a simplest form of mode choice model, where the travel

choice between the mode is made

• The traveller will associate some value for the utility of each

mode

• But, in transportation we use disutility more, like the

generalised travel cost, shown next

Generalized Cost
Binary Logit Model

• Let there be two modes (m=1,2) then the proportion of trips

by mode 1 from zone i to zone j is

• Let be the cost of traveling from zone i to zonej using the

mode 1, and be the cost of traveling from zonei to zone j

by mode 2, there are three cases:

Binary Logit Model

This relationship is normally expressed by a logit curve as shown

below:
Binary Logit Model

This functional form is called logit

 Binary Logit Model
Question Let the number of trips from zone ‘i’ to zone ‘j’ is 5000, and two modes

are available which has the characteristics given in Table 1. Compute the trips

made by mode bus, and the fare that is collected from the mode bus. If the fare of

the bus is reduced to 6, then find the fare collected.

Binary Logit Model
Binary Logit Model
Multinomial Logit Model
The binary model can easily be extended to multiple modes.

Question: Let the number of trips from i to j is 5000, and three modes are
available which has the characteristics given in Table 3: Compute the trips made
by the three modes and the fare required to travel by each mode.
Multinomial Logit Model
Multinomial Logit Model
Thank You