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Overview
Grain Yield
the “bottom line” or aspect of
rice production that finally
counts

the final outcome of crop

management practices
Overview
Yield Components

can help in designing a strategy in

reaching a target yield

used to analyze what went wrong if

a target is not reached

for examining yield performance or

effect of a particular treatment
Objectives

list and explain the 4 yield components of rice;

list the factors & practices favoring increase in

yield components;

discuss plot sampling;

determine yield components of a rice sample; and

determine grain yield using yield components,

crop cut, and actual production data.
Yield Components
Panicle number per unit area

Spikelet number or grain number per

panicle

Percentage filled spikelets or grains

Grain weight
 Yield Components
Each yield component differs in:

the time when it is determined or fixed

• panicle number  vegetative phase

• spikelet number  reproductive phase
• filled spikelets  before, at, & after
heading
• grain weight  ripening phase
 Yield Components
Each yield component differs in:

its contribution to grain yield

• spikelet number per unit area  74%
(panicle and spikelet number)

• filled spikelets and grain weight  26%

Factors & Practices
Favoring Yield Components
Panicle number per unit area

Spikelet number per panicle

Percent filled spikelets

Grain weight
 Panicle Number per Unit Area
Promote early growth of tillers by:
preventing root damage to seedlings;
using sufficient number of healthy seedlings – short,
thick, disease-free, uniform, w/ plenty of vigorous
roots;
ensuring adequate nutrients during tillering;
early weed control; and
maintaining shallow water depth during
tillering (not >3 cm).
 Spikelet Number per Panicle
Promote photosynthetic activity or increase food
supply to the developing panicle. It is maximized
under these conditions:
high solar radiation;

relatively low air temperature;

healthy and vigorous plants; and

adequate N at panicle initiation.

Percent Filled Spikelets
Grow lodging-resistant varieties with high
percentage of ripened grains;

Time planting so that solar radiation is

high during the last 45 days before
harvest;

Prevent plants from wilting during

ripening period; and

Keep plants healthy/leaves green at

ripening phase.
 Grain Weight
Conditions favorable for weight increase:

healthy plants;

high solar radiation during the 45-day

period before harvest; and

cooler nights at ripening.

 Plot Sampling
Definition/features
procedure for selecting a fraction of an experimental or
demonstration plot to represent that plot accurately;

considered good if the values obtained from the sample are

very close to those that would have been obtained if
measurements were made on all plants in the plot; and

used because total measurement is often

too laborious and expensive.
Plot Sampling
Components
Sampling unit - the unit upon which
measurements are to be made.

Sample size - the number of sampling units

to be taken from each plot or treatment.

Sampling time - when to take

measurements or sampling frequency.

Sampling procedure - procedure for

selecting the sample and taking the
measurements.
 Steps in Measuring Yield Components
1) Select & harvest 3 representative 4-hill (2 x 2 hill) sampling
units.

2) Measure area where each sample was taken.

3) Count the panicles from each hill and total them for 12 hills
(P).

4) Thresh grains from all sample hills.

5) Separate filled and unfilled grains.

6) Count the filled (F) and unfilled (U) grains.

7) Weigh the filled grains, take the moisture content,

and adjust the weight (W) to 14% moisture content.
Steps in Measuring Yield Components
Steps in Measuring Yield Components

With missing hill Deceased or off type

Formulas for Calculating Yield Components

Number of panicles/hill = P/12

Number of panicles/m2 = P/Total Area Where
the 3 Samples Were Taken (m2)
Number of filled grains/panicle = F/P
Number of unfilled grains/panicle = U/P
Percent filled grains = F/(F + U) x 100
1000-Grain weight = W/F x 1000
 Grain Yield Using Yield Components

Formulas

Where: % filled of spikelets = total of spikelets-unfilled x 100

total no. of spikelets
 Example:

• Given the following data, compute for the YC

– Panicle number per hill = 12
– Number of hills per m2 = 25
– Spikelet number per panicle = 120
– % filled spikelet = 85 %
– Grain weight = 25 g
• Grain Yield (kg/ha) = 300 panicles/m2 x 120 spikelet per
Example: panicle x .85% x 25 g x .01

= 300 x 102 x 25 x .01

= 7650 kg/ha
 Steps in Grain Yield Using Crop Cut

1) Randomly select three crop cuts (about 5-m2 each) at different

parts of the PalayCheck field or participatory trial treatment.

2) Measure the average length and width of each crop cut area by
taking measurements at the middle of the hills.

3) Harvest, thresh, clean, weigh, and take

moisture contents (MC) of the
three samples separately.
 Steps in Grain Yield Using Crop Cut
4) Compute grain yield at 14% MC of each of the samples using
the formula:
10,000 m2/ha 100 - %MC
Grain yield (kg/ha) = grain weight (kg) x ------------------------ x --------------------
Crop cut area (m2) 86

The average yield from the 3 crop cuts is

the yield of the PalayCheck field or
treatment.
Steps in Grain Yield Using Crop Cut
Steps in Grain Yield Using Crop Cut
Given the following data compute the yield/ha

• Sample 1 = 4.5 kg
Sample 2 = 4.6 kg
Sample 3 = 4.4 kg
Area per sample = 1 x 5 m2
MC = 20 %

Yield /ha = 4.5 kg x 10,000 m2/ha x 100-20

5 m2 86

= 8372 kg/ha
 Steps in Grain Yield Using Actual Prod’n
1) Measure the area (length and width) of the parcels
to be harvested in the PalayCheck field.

2) Harvest, thresh, clean then count and record the

number of sacks of rough rice (palay) from each
parcel.

3) From each parcel, take the average weight of the

sack and average grain MC.
 Steps in Grain Yield Using Actual Prod’n
4) Compute the grain yield at 14% MC from each of the parcels
using the formula:
10,000 m2/ha 100 - %MC
Grain yield (kg/ha) = No. of sacks x average weight/sack (kg) x ----------------------- x ----------------
harvest area (m2) 86

The average yield from all the parcels

harvested is the yield of the PalayCheck
field.
EXERCISE 1 :
YIELD COMPONENTS
PARAMETERS SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3
Panicle 300 375 250
no./sq.meter
Number of 120 120 125
Spikelet/panicle
% filled spikelet 87% 83% 81.9%
1000-grain 25 grams 22.8 grams 23.9 grams
weight
 EXERCISE 2 :
CROP CUT
Given:
 Area : 5 sq.meter
 Grain Weight : 2.07 kg; 2.40 kg; 2.30 kg
 % MC : 14.1%; 13.9%; 13.7%
Using Formula:

10,000 m2/ha 100 - %MC

Grain yield (kg/ha) = grain weight (kg) x ------------------------ x --------------------
Crop cut area (m2) 86
Summary
Weather conditions, cultural management, and nutrient
supply greatly influence the yield and yield components of a
rice variety.

Each yield component differs in the time when it is

determined and its contribution to grain yield.

Understanding their relationships is a key to yield

improvement.

Grain yield can be determined using

yield components, crop cuts, or actual production.

Proper plot sampling should be done to obtain

accurate results.
 Acknowledgement to:
Anita V. Antonio
Senior Science Research Specialist
Technology Management & Services Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Central Experiment Station
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
 endof
presentation