ANGIOSPERMS

(Chapter 23, Nabors)

 Gymnosperms stigma

style

Ovule with megasporangium

ovary
megasporophyll

Ovule with
megasporangium

Angiosperms
Dominant sporophyte and dependent gametophyte

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
• Seeds naked on • Seeds enclosed
megasporophyll of (covered) in ovary of
strobilus flower
• Seed = result of single • Seed = result of
fertilization double fertilization
• Female gametophyte • Endosperm (3n) used
(megagametophyte) as nutrition for
(n) used as nutrition developing embryo
for developing embryo
Dominant sporophyte and dependent
gametophyte
 Evolution of flowers and fruits of
phylum Anthophyta
Flowering plants (Angiosperms) = 250,000
species
Gymnosperms = 760 species
Seedless vascular plants = 12,000 species
Bryophytes = 15,000 species
• Angiosperms only appear in fossil record from
130-145 milllion years ago
• Quick distribution – unique characteristics
present selective advantages above other plants
Selective advantages of flowering plants
Selective advantages of flowering plants

• Seeds enclosed in fruit – developing embryo

protect against desiccation, disease and
herbivores
• Vessels in xylem – more effective water transport
• Deciduous – survive during cold or dry seasons
• Adaptations of flowers – advantages in
distributing pollen (variety of pollinators –
facilitate cross-pollination)
• Double fertilization – endosperm (3n) nourishes
embryos
• Fruits aid in seed dispersal by attracting animals
Flowers = short stems with highly modified
leaves – perianth, stamens, carpels
Anther contains
microsporangia carpels = megasporophylls

Filament =
microsporophyll

Ovules with
megasporangia
Flowers = collection of highly modified
leaves
Flowers = collection of highly modified
leaves
 Evolution of angiosperms began during
Mesozoic era
• Evolutionary relationship between angiosperms and
gymnosperms remain unclear
• Phylogenetic classification of angiosperms is challenging:
– Incomplete fossil record of flowers
– Large diversity
– Convergent evolution (p. 357, fig. 16.5)
• Phylum Anthophyta traditionally in 2 groups:
– Monocots
– Dicots
• Recent molecular studies – dicots not monophyletic, but
represent several evolutionary lines:
– Basal Angiosperms
– Magnoliids
– Eudicots
Basal angiosperms – Family Nymphaeaceae
Basale angiosperms – Family
Nymphaeaceae
Magnoliids - Family Magnoliaceae
Monocots – Family Liliaceae
Eudicots
Eudicots