KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN

BERKAYU DAN BERBIJI

Evolution of wood
= secondary xylem
derived from vascular
cambium enabled plants
to grow very tall, as
large trees.

Illustrated: Sequoiadendron giganteum, giant

sequoia, largest non-clonal organism on
earth; most tissue dead secondary xylem
(wood).
Divisions of vascular cambium mostly tangential (some radial)
2˚ xylem –> inside, 2˚ phloem –> outside: bifacial growth.
 Secondary growth from lateral meristems:
vascular cambium & cork cambium.

Vascular cambium: 2˚ xylem –> inside; 2˚ phloem –> outside:

= bifacial growth.
Tissue to outside (cortex, older 2˚ phloem) gradually crushed.
In most temperate regions (growth season / winter) and some tropical
regions (dry/wet season), seasonal annual rings form.
Annual rings can be used to date wood.
Dendrochronology – study of wood in relation to time and
environment/climate.
cork cambium
- like vascular cambium – bifacial
cork –> outside, phelloderm –> inside
 Seed
= embryo enclosed by nutritive tissue,
surrounded by seed coat

Ovule
= immature seed (prior to
fertilization/maturation)
Seed Evolution
Heterospory
telomes & lagenostome – found in micropyle – hole in integument,
fossil (extinct) taxa, functioned in where pollen enters (gymnosperms)
pollen capture

pollination droplet – secreted from

micropyle; pollen grains stick to, are
pulled inside as droplet evaporates.

Ginko biloba
 Pollen grains = immature endosporic male gametophytes

Pollen grains develop from microspores by mitotic divisions/differentiation.

[When haploid nucleus of microspore starts to divide mitotically, it becomes a pollen grain.]
 Pollen tube – exosporic, tube-like extension from
pollen grain.

Pollen tube – haustorial (parasitic, feeding off tissues) in Gymnosperms

-In cycads & Ginkgo sperm delivered to fertilization chamber, where sperm
swims to archgonium = zooidogamy.
-In conifers (incl. Gnetales) tube grows directly to archegonium =
siphonogamy.
Ovule development
 Adaptive significance of seeds

1) Protection of embryo (seed coat)

2) Nutrition of embryo (nutritive tissue=female
gametophyte in Gymnosperms)
3) Dispersal unit (e.g., fleshy, carried by animals; winged,
transported by wind)
4) Dormancy mechanisms (seed coat involved in
preventing germination except when conditions right)
eustele – single ring of vascular bundles
 Two fossil (extinct) lignophytes:

Archeopteris – large tree, wood Medullosa – a “tree fern,” bore

like a conifer, leaves like a fern; seeds, but with fern-like foliage.
some heterosporous.
Gymnospermae – (“naked seed”) seeds not enclosed by carpel;
sister to Angiospermae.
Cycadophyta - Cycads
 Cycadophyta – Cycads
-trunks short (rarely elongate, tree-like)

-leaves pinnate (rarely bipinnate),

coriaceous, with circinate
vernation (like ferns)

-dioecious (separate male & female

individuals)

-sperm motile
 Cone = determinate shoot systems, consisting of a single axis
with sporophylls = modified leaves with attached sporangia.

Pollen cones (male) – bear

microsporophylls, with
microsporangia.
pollen cone

Ovulate / seed cones (female) –

seed cone
bear megasporophylls,
with ovules/seeds.
 Cycadophyta – Cycads

Cycadaceae:
female plants
without cones;
seeds born on
megasporophylls
from stem axis.

One genus: Cycas

Cycas revoluta
sago-palm
-starch derived from
pith –> flour, bread.
[C. media
-edible seeds]
 Cycadophyta – Cycads

Zamiaceae:
female plants
with seed
cones;
leaves pinnate
or bipinnate
 Cycadophyta – Cycads

Zamiaceae:
female plants
with seed
cones;
leaves pinnate
or bipinnate
 Ginkgophyta – Maidenhair Trees

One family:
Ginkgoaceae
Maidenhair Tree
family

One species
(monotypic):
Ginkgo biloba
 Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba
- tree with short shoots - venation dichotomous
- leaves obtriangular - dioecious
 Ginkgo biloba
Pollen cones “catkin-like”: axis bearing stalk-like
microsporophylls, each with two microsporangia.
 Ginkgo biloba
Ovulate reproductive structures: stalk bearing two, erect ovules, each
with basal collar. Seeds fetid (butyric acid).
 Coniferae – conifers

Apomorphy:
pollen tube
– siphonogamous
-leaves simple

Three groups:
Pinopsida
Cupressopsida
Gnetales
Pinaceae: Pinus
Mystery of the conifer cone: compound
 Evolution of the conifer cone:
Compound structure (axis bearing two components):
bract – homologous with leaf
ovuliferous scale – homologous with shoot system
 Coniferae – conifers

Pinopsida:

One family:
Pinaceae
Pinaceae

-pollen cones
with 2
microsporangi
a
/
microsporophy
ll

-pollen grains of
some taxa
saccate (with 2
bladders)
Pinaceae

-seeds usu. 2 per

ovuliferous scale,
inverted, winged.
Pinaceae

-leaves linear to acicular

(needle-shaped)

- in some taxa,
short shoots
(e.g., Cedrus)
or
determinate fascicles
(Pinus).
Pinaceae
Include:
Abies – fir
Cedrus – cedar
Larix – larch
Pinus – pine
Pseudotsuga –Douglas-
fir
Tsuga - hemlock
Pinaceae
Includes oldest non-
clonal organism on
earth:
Pinus longaeva,
bristlecone pine,
5,063 years
old!
 Coniferae – conifers

Cupressopsida

5-6 families
We will cover 4:
Araucariaceae
Podocarpaceae
Cupressaceae
Taxaceae
Araucariaceae

-leaves broad to acicular

-microsporangia numerous
(5-20) per microsporophyll

-ovule 1 per scale

Includes:
Araucaria heterophylla
Norfolk Island-Pine
Araucaria bidwillii
bunya-bunya
Agathis australis
kauri
Cupressaceae
-leaves linear, acicular, or
subulate, spiral, opposite, or
whorled
-branches flattened in some,
resembling pinnate leaves in
some
-seed cones with numerous
seeds per scale (2-20)
-pollen not saccate

Includes:
Cupressus – cedar
Juniperus - juniper
Sequoia sempervirens –
redwood
Sequoiadendron giganteum –
giant sequoia
Taxodium – bald-cypress
Cupressaceae
Includes most massive, non-
clonal organism on earth:
Sequoiadendron giganteum
– giant sequoia

more massive than a blue

whale (largest animal) or
any dinosaur that ever lived
Cupressaceae

and tallest living tree in the

world:
Sequoia sempervirens –
redwood,

Tallest measured (to date)

at 379.1 feet (115.5 m).
Podocarpaceae
-leaves linear, elliptic, or subulate
-seed cones usu. fleshy, often
reduced, in some subtended by
fleshy receptacle, seed may be
enveloped by fleshy epimatium
derived from scale

Includes:
Podocarpus, e.g., P. gracilior
Phyllocladus spp.
Taxaceae
Yew family
-seed cones usu.
reduced to 1 ovule
-seed surrounded by
fleshy aril

Includes:
Taxus – yew
taxol derived from T.
brevifolia, used to treat
ovarian cancer
 Coniferae – conifers

Gnetales:

3 families:
Ephedraceae
Gnetaceae
Welwitschiaceae

All dioecious
Gnetales:

Apomorphies:
1)Pollen striate
2)Vessels porate
 Gnetales
Gnetaceae
One genus: Gnetum (ca. 30 spp.)

Gnetum – tropical vines [trees, shrubs],

leaves simple, opposite
Gnetales
Ephedraceae

One genus:
Ephedra (35-45 spp.)
Morman Tea

E. sinica:
ma-huang – Chinese
herbal medicine

ephedrine – alkaloid
weight loss, stimulant
now banned.
 Ephedra Morman-Tea
Shrubs
Deserts of S.W. North America,
W. South America, N. Africa, and Eurasia
Ephedra

- pollen cones
with stalk-like
microsporan-
giophore,
bearing
synangia

- seeds of seed
cones with
fleshy, connate
bracteoles and
micropylar
tube
 Gnetales
Welwitschiaceae

One genus/species:
Welwitschia mirabilis
-native to deserts
of Namibia
Refferensi
• Simpson, M. G. (2010). Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier
Academic Press.