Maintenance Training:

Unit Measurement

Pua Wee Ming

Tonnage Operation - Reliability
Temperature

 Temperature is measurement on degree of hotness or coldness.

 Unit Measurement: Celsius (oC), Fahrenheit (oF), Kelvin (K)
o
C
5 o
9

 F  32  o 9
F   o C  32
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K  o C  273.15

 Celsius and Fahrenheit is reference temperature widely used and understood of degree of
hotness/coldness. Example: Temperature of water boiling point is 100 oC, and ice cube is 0oC.
 Kelvin is absolute temperature which normally used in thermodynamic calculation. The
temperature of an ideal monatomic gas is a measure related to the average kinetic energy of its
atoms as they move. At 0 K, all atom/molecule in a object stop moving.
 Heat transfer from higher temperature to lower temperature. When both side temperature is
same, heat transfer stop. Example: Cooler approach temperature.
CW Supply (29 oC)

Air (? oC) Hot Air (100 oC)

What is the possible lower outlet air temperature from cooler?

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Pressure

 Pressure is measurement of force exerted by fluid against a surface area.

Force ( F )
Pressure (P) 
Area ( A)
 Example: Different Force on ½” valve and 16” manhole of gas buffer tank at 0.5 barg.
Caution: beware of force implied by pressure on a surface.
What is difference of energy forced on 16” blind and ½” valve ??)
0.5barg
½”
16”

 Unit of Measurement: Atmosphere (atm), Bar, Pascal (Pa, MPa), Pound force/Square Inches
(psi). See conversion:
1atm = 1.01325 bar = 14.7 psi = 1.0332 kg/cm2
1bar = 100kPa = 1.02 kg/cm2 =14.5 psi
1MPa = 10 barg (Caution: beware of MPa)
1torr =1.33 mbar = 1mmHg @32oF
 Gauge Pressure is pressure read on gauge relative to local atmospheric pressure. (barg, psig)
Therefore, 0 bar read on gauge is not zero pressure. Zero pressure is vacuum.

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Pressure

 Liquid with height will imply additional pressure. P (gas)

 , density of liquid,
  gh g, gravity force
Liquid head
h, liquid head pressure, Pressure at this point =
 Unit of Measurement: mmH2O, mmHg. P(liq) P(gas) + P(liq)

1 bar = 10,200 mmH2O (10.2 m water head)

1atm = 760mmHg
 Normally used to measure difference pressure for liquid level and flow.

 Fluid flows from high pressure to lower pressure.

 This explain why liquid flow from higher level to lower level

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Composition

 Most of substances are made of mixture of different component. Example: Air is mixture of
Oxygen(20.96%), Nitrogen(78.11%), Argon(0.93%), other (Trace)
 Unit of Measurement: %, part per million(ppm), part per billion (ppb)
1% = 1in 100 (or 10,000ppm); 1ppm =1 in 1,000,000; 1ppb = 1 in 1,000,000,000
 %(v/v), ppm (v/v) is normally for industrial gas to measure impurity.
 %(w/w) or ppm(w/w) is different, which by weight basis.
 1ppm O2 in N2 : 1m3 of O2 in 1,000,000 Nm3 of N2
 Moisture content is also measured in dew point temperature. See table below:

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Other

 Length
1” = 25.4mm;
1mil=0.001”=25.4m=0.0254mm
 Mass
1kg=2.2 lb
 Volume
1m3 = 1,000 liter = 35.3 ft3
1ml = 1cm3 ;
1gallon=3.785liter
 Power
1 hp = 746W;
 Torque
1 kgf.m = 9.81 N.m = 86.8 lbf.in = 7.233 lbf.ft

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Thank you for your attention.