12- OFDM with Multiple Antennas

Multiple Antenna Systems (MIMO)

 
TX   RX

NT NR
Transmit Receive
Antennas Antennas
NT  N R
Different paths
Two cases:
1. Array Gain: if all paths are strongly correlated to which other the SNR can be
increased by array processing;
2. Diversity Gain: if all paths are uncorrelated, the effect of channel fading can be
attenuated by diversity combining
Recall the Chi-Square distribution:

1. Real Case. Let

y  x  x  ...  x
2
1
2
2
2
n
xi  N (0,1) real , i.i.d .
Then y   n2
E{ y}  n
with
var{ y}  2n
2. Complex Case. Let
y | x1 |2  | x2 |2 ... | xn |2
xi  ai  jbi  CN (0,1) complex gaussian, i.i.d .
1 2
Then y  2n
2
with
E{ y}  n
1
var{ y}  n
2
Receive Diversity:

h1
 y1

hN R  RX
TX
s
yNR

NT  1 NR NR
Transmit Different paths Receive
Antennas Antennas

 y1   h1   w1 
     
   
   S E s  N 0  
 y N  hN   wN 
 R  R  R
Energy per Noise PSD
symbol
Assume we know the channels at the receiver. Then we can decode the signal as

NR NR NR
y   hi* yi  ES  | hi |2 s  N 0  hi* wi
i 1 i 1 i 1

signal noise

and the Signal to Nose Ratio

 NR 2  ES
SNR    | hi | 
 i 1  N0
 NR

In the Wireless case the channels are random, therefore | h |

i 1
i
2
is a random variable

Now there are two possibilities:

1. Channels strongly correlated. Assume they are all the same for simplicity

h1  h2  ...  hN R  h
Then
NR

 i
| h
i 1
| 2
 N R | h | 2
 N 
R 2
2

assuming 
E | h |2  1 
and

SNR  N R | h |ES 

1 2  ES
  NR 2 
N0 
2

2  N0
From the properties of the Chi-Square distribution:

ES
mSNR  E SNR  N R better on average …
N0
N R ES
 SNR  var SNR  … but with deep fades!
2 N0

Define the coefficient of variation  SNR 1

 var  
mSNR 2

In this case we say that there is no diversity.

2. Channels Completely Uncorrelated.

 NR 2  ES
SNR    | hi | 
 i 1  N0
NR
1 2
Since: i 1
| hi |   2 N R
2

 1 2  ES
SNR    2 N R 
2  N0 Diversity of order NR

with
ES
E SNR  N R
N0
 SNR 1
var SNR 
N R ES  var  
2 N0 mSNR 2 NR
Example: overall receiver gain with receiver diversity.

15

10 N R  10
5
NR  2
0

-5

NR  1
-10

-15

-20

-25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Transmitter Diversity
h1
 y

s TX  hN R RX

NR  1
NT NT
Transmit
Receive
Antennas Different paths Antennas

 ES NT

y    hi  s  N 0 w Equivalent to one channel,

 NT
with no benefit.
i 1 
Total energy equally distributed
on transmit antennas
However there is a gain if we use Space Time Coding (2x1 Alamouti)
Take the case of Transmitter diversity with two antennas

h1
x1[n]
y[n]
TX h2 RX

x2 [ n ]

Given two sequences s1[n], s2 [n]

code them within the two antennas as follows
antennas
ES
x1 s1 s * y[2n]   h1s1  h2 s2   N 0 w1
2
2
x2 s2 s1*

2n 2n  1 time
y[2n  1] 
ES
2
 
 h1s2*  h2 s1*  N 0 w2
This can be written as:

 y[2n]  ES  h1 h2   s1   w1 
 y *[2n  1]  h* *  
 h1   s2 
 N0  * 
  2  2  w2 

To decode, notice that

 z1   h1* h2   y[2n]   ES  s
2  1  w 1 
z    *  *   
h1   y [2n  1]  2
|| h ||      
N 0 || h ||  
 2   h2   s2   w 2 

Use a Wiener Filter to estimate “s”:

sˆ1  K  h1* y[2n]  h2 y *[2n  1] 2 / ES

K
sˆ1  K  h2* y[2n]  h1 y *[2n  1]
with
| h1 |2  | h2 |2 2 N 0 / ES
It is like having two independent channels

ES N 0 || h || w1
|| h ||2
2 z1
s1

s2 z2
ES
|| h ||2
2
N 0 || h || w 2

|| h ||2 ES 1 2
SNR  || h || | h1 |  | h2 |   4
2 2 2

2 N0 2

Apart from the factor ½, it has the same SNR as the receive diversity of order 2.
2x2 MIMO with Space Time Coding (2x2 Alamouti)

x1[n]
h11 y1[n]
h21
h12
TX RX

x2 [ n ] h22 y 2 [ n]

 y1[n]   h11 h12   x1[n]   w1[n] 

 y [n]  h    
h22   x2 [n]  w2 [n]
 2   21
Same transmitting sequence as in the 2x1 case:

antennas x1 s1  s2*
x2 s2 s1*

2n 2n  1 time

Received sequences:

ES
y1[2n]   h11s1  h12 s2   N 0 w1[2n]
2

y1[2n  1] 
ES
2
 
 h11 s2*  h12 s1*  N 0 w1[ 2n  1]

ES
y 2 [ 2 n]   h21s1  h22 s2   N 0 w2 [2n]
2

y2 [2n  1] 
ES
2
 
 h21s2*  h22 s1*  N 0 w2 [2n  1]
Write it in matrix form:

 y1[2n]   h11 h12 

 y *[2n  1]  h*  h11*   s1 
 1  ES  12
   N 0 w[n]
 y 2 [ 2n ]  2  h21 h22   s2 
 *   * * 
 y2 [2n  1] h22  h21 
Combined as

 y1[2n] 
 * 
 z1   h11* h12 *
h21 h22   y1 [2n  1]
z    * 
 2  h12  h11 *
h22  h21  y2 [2n] 
 * 
y
 2 [ 2 n  1]
to obtain

  h11 h12  
  * * 

 z1   h11* h12 *
h21 h22  ES  h12  h11   s1  
z    *     N 0 w[n] 
 2  h12  h11 *
h22  h21  2  h21 h22   s2 

  * *  
 h22  h21  
After simple algebra:

 z1  ES  s1 
z  || h || 2
 s   || h || N 0 w[n]
 2 2  2

with
2
1 2
|| h ||   | hij |   8
2 2

i , j 1 2
diversity 4

This yields an SNR

|| h ||2 ES
SNR 
2 N0
 WiMax Implementation

h1

h2

Subscriber
Station
Base Station

Down Link (DL): BS -> SS Transmit Diversity

Uplink (UL): SS->BS Receive Diversity
 Down Link: Transmit Diversity

Use Alamouti Space Time Coding:

Transmitter:

X 2m IFFT TX
Data in Xn
Error
M-QAM buffer STC
Coding
IFFT TX
X 2 m 1

Block to be Space Time Coding

transmitted
X 2m  X 2*m 1

X 2 m 1 *
X 2m

2m 2m  1 time
Receiver:

X 2m Y2 m
Data out Xn
Error P/S S/P
M-QAM STD FFT
Correction 2 2

X 2 m 1 Y2 m 1

Space Time Decoding:

 
For each subcarrier k
compute: Xˆ 2 m [k ]  K H1*[k ]Y2 m [k ]  H 2 [k ]Y2*m 1[k ]
Xˆ2 m 1 
[k ]  K H *[k ]Y [k ]  H [k ]Y * [k ]
2 2m 1 2 m 1 
2 / ES
with K
| H1[k ] |2  | H 2 [k ] |2 2 N 0 / ES
Preamble, Synchronization and Channel Estimation with
Transmit Diversity (DL)

The two antennas transmit two preambles at the same time, using different sets of
subcarriers

p1[n]
EVEN subcarriers
CP 128
+ +
64 128 128
 
0 319
n k
 100 0  100
p2 [ n]
CP 128 +
ODD subcarriers
64 -
128 128

time frequency
Both preambles have a symmetry:

p1[n]  p1[n  128]

n  128,...,319
p2 [n]   p2 [n  128]

p0 [ n ] received signal from

h0 [n] the two antennas

y[n]
h1[n]
p1[n]

Problems:
• time synchronization
• estimation of both channels
Symmetry is preserved even after the channel spreading:

h1[n] * p1[n]

CP 128
+ +
64 128 128

h2 [n] * p2 [n]

CP 128 +
64 -
128 128
One possibility: use symmetry of the preambles


y1[n]  2h1[n] * p1[n]
64 128

y[n]
64 256 n0  128
z 128

n0

y2 [n]  2h2 [n] * p2 [n]
64 128

n0  128
The two preambles can be easily separated
 MIMO Channel Simulation

Take the general 2x2 channel

e j 3 e j1
x1[n] Rayleigh y1[n]
T T
T T

x2 [ n ] Rayleigh y 2 [ n]
e j 4 e j 2
  [ 1   N ] sec
P  [ P1  PN ] dB

0  T  1 Correlation at the transmitter

0   R  1 Correlation at the receiver