Unit 8

Applications
 Contents

• Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

• High Voltage Direct Current Transmission (HVDC)

• Static Circuit Breakers

 Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

• A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that

converts power using switching devices that are turned on and off at high
frequencies, and storage components such as inductors or capacitors to
supply power when the switching device is in its non-conduction state.
 Different Stages of SMPS

1. Input rectifier stage:

It is used to convert an ac input to dc. A SMPS with dc input does not require this stage. The rectifier
produces unregulated dc which is then passed through the filter circuit.

2. Inverter stage:
The inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above,
to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings at a
frequency of tens or hundreds
of kilohertz.

3. Output transformer:
If the output required is to be isolated from input, the inverted AC is used to draw the primary windings of a
high frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on it’s
secondary winding.

4. Output rectifier:
If the dc output is required, the ac output from the transformer is rectified.

5. Regulation:
Feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with the reference voltage.
Comparison between linear power supply and SMPS
Parameter Linear Power Supply Switched Mode Power Supply
Definition It completes stepping down of AC It converts input signal into DC
voltage first then converts into DC first then it steps up or down
the voltage up to desired level
Efficiency Low Efficiency (20 – 25%) High Efficiency (60 – 65%)
Voltage Voltage regulation is done by Voltage regulation is done by
regulation voltage regulation feedback circuit
Magnetic Stalloy or CRO core is used Ferrite core is used
material
Weight bulky Less bulky in comparison to
linear power supply
Reliability More reliable Reliability depends on
transistor used for switching
Complexity Less Complex More complex
Transient It possess faster response It possess slower response
response
 SMPS Classification

SMPS can be classified into four broader categories

• Flyback Converter

• Pushpull Converter

• Half Bridge Converter

• Full bridge Converter

 Flyback Converter

• It consists of a power MOSFET M1, transformer for isolation purposes,

diode , Capacitor and load.
• An uncontrolled rectifier converts AC to DC output which is fed to flyback
SMPS.
• When power MOSFET is turned on, supply voltage Vs is applied to the
primary i.e.. V1=Vs.
• A corresponding voltage V2, is induced with the transformer secondary
i.e.., V2=(N2/N1)* Vs.
• As V2 reverse biases diode D, Filter capacitance C is large enough so that
the capacitor voltage Vc(t)=load or output voltage Vo is taken as almost
constant.
• When M1 is turned off, a voltage of opposite polarity is induced in primary
and secondary windings.
• Voltage across transformer windings is V2= - (N2/N1)Vs. Diode D is
forward biased and starts conducting a current i.
• As a result, energy stored in transformer is partly delivered to load and
partly to charge the capacitor C.

V0
Net Energy Stored Vs * Ton  (T  Ton ) Where a=N2/N1, transformer
a turns ratio
a *Vs * Ton a *Vs * k K=Ton/T, duty cycle of converter
Load VoltageV0  
T  Ton 1 k
Waveforms
 Push-Pull Converter

• It uses two power MOSFETs and a transformer with mid-taps on both

primary and secondary sides.
• As in flyback converter, an uncontrolled rectifier feeds push-pull SMPS.
Inductor L and Capacitor C are the filter components.
 Operation of Push-Pull Converter

M1 is turned ON:
• Vs is applied to lower half of transformer primary, i.e. V1=Vs.
• As a result, voltage V2=(N2/N1)*Vs is induced in both the secondary
windings.
• Voltage V2 in the upper half secondary forward biases diode D1, therefore
load voltage Vo is given by Vo=(N2/N1)*Vs=a*Vs.

M2 is turned ON:
• Vs is applied to upper half of transformer primary, i.e. V1= - Vs.
• As a result, voltage V2= - (N2/N1)*Vs is induced in both the secondary
windings.
• Voltage V2 is negative in the lower half secondary forward biases diode
D2, therefore load voltage Vo is given by Vo= (N2/N1)*Vs= a*Vs.
• From the operation, it is shown that voltage on primary swings from +Vs
with M1 on to –Vs with M2 on.

• Power MOSFETs M1 and M2 operate with duty cycle of 0.5.

• When M1 is off, the voltage across M1 terminals is Voc = 2*Vs.

• As both M1 and M2 are subjected to open circuit voltage of 2V*s

• This configuration is suitable for low voltage applications.

 Half Bridge Converter

• It consists of an uncontrolled rectifier, two capacitors C1 and C2, two

power MOSFETs M1 and M2, one transformer with mid-tap on secondary
side, two diodes D1 and D2 and Filter components L and C.
 Operation of Half Bridge Converter

• Two capacitors C1 and C2 have equal capacitance, therefore voltage across

each of the capacitance is Vs/2.
M1 is turned On:
• Voltage of capacitance C1 appears across transformer primary, i.e.
V1=Vs/2 and voltage induced in secondary is V2=(N2/2N1)*Vs and diode
D1 gets forward biased.

M2 is turned On:
• A reverse voltage of Vs/2 appears across transformer primary from C2, i.e.
V1= - Vs/2 and voltage induced in secondary is V2= - (N2/2N1)*Vs and
diode D2 gets forward biased.
• This means that primary voltage swings from – Vs/2 to + Vs/2.
• Therefore Average output voltage can be calculated by

Vs * N 2
V0   0.5* a *Vs
2 N1

• When M1 is off, open circuit voltage across M1 terminals is Voc = Vs,

• When M2 is off, as before Voc = Vs

• For high voltage DC applications, half bridge converter is therefore

preferred over push-pull converters.
• For low voltage DC applications, push-pull converters is preferred due to
low MOSFET currents
 Full Bridge Converter

• It consists of an uncontrolled rectifier, four power MOSFETs, transformer

with mid-tap secondary, two diodes and LC filter circuit.
• As mentioned in all the previous circuits, the function of control circuit is
to sense the output load voltage and to decide about the duty ratio of
MOSFETs.
 Operation of Full Bridge Converter

Power MOSFETs M1 and M2 are turned on:

• Voltage Vs appears across transformer primary, i.e. V1=Vs and secondary
voltage V2=(N2/N1)*Vs=a*Vs and diode D1 gets forward biased and output
voltage V0=a*Vs.

Power MOSFETs M3 and M4 are turned on:

• Voltage Vs appears across transformer primary is reversed, i.e. V1 = - Vs and
secondary voltage V2 = - (N2/N1)*Vs = - a*Vs and diode D2 gets forward biased
and output voltage V0=a*Vs

• The open circuit voltage across each MOSFET is Voc = Vs.

• Of all the four configurations of SMPSs, full bridge converter operates with
minimum voltage and current stress on the power MOSFET.
• It is therefore very popular for high power applications above 750W.
 Advantages of SMPS over Linear Power Supplies:

1. Lower weight
2. Smaller size
3. Higher efficiency
4. Lower power dissipation
5. Wide ac input voltage range
6. Reduced costs

Disadvantages of SMPS:
1. SMPS has higher output ripple and its regulation is worse
2. SMPS is a source of both electromagnetic and radio
interference due to high frequency switching.
3. Control of radio frequency noise requires the use of filters
on both input and output of SMPS
 Comparison

Converter Topology Maximum output power

Flyback 200W

Push-pull 500W

Half bridge 1000W

Full bridge >1000W