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Notes 1 - Transmission Line Theory
Notes 1 - Transmission Line Theory
Microwave Engineering
Fall 2011
Prof. David R. Jackson
Dept. of ECE
Notes 1
Transmission Line Theory
1
Waveguiding Structures
2
Transmission Line
Properties
Has two conductors running parallel
Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
Becomes lossy at high frequency
Can handle low or moderate amounts of power
Does not have signal distortion, unless there is loss
May or may not be immune to interference
Does not have Ez or Hz components of the fields (TEMz)
Twin lead
Coaxial cable (coax) (shown connected to a 4:1
impedance-transforming balun)
3
Transmission Line (cont.)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
The two wires of the transmission line are twisted to reduce interference and
radiation from discontinuities.
4
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines commonly met on printed-circuit boards
w
er
h
er h w
Microstrip Stripline
w w w
er h er h
5
Transmission Line (cont.)
Transmission lines are commonly met on printed-circuit boards.
Microstrip line
6
Fiber-Optic Guide
Properties
Uses a dielectric rod
Can propagate a signal at any frequency (in theory)
Can be made very low loss
Has minimal signal distortion
Very immune to interference
Not suitable for high power
Has both Ez and Hz components of the fields
7
Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Two types of fiber-optic guides:
1) Single-mode fiber
Carries a single mode, as with the mode on a
transmission line or waveguide. Requires the fiber
diameter to be small relative to a wavelength.
2) Multi-mode fiber
Has a fiber diameter that is large relative to a
wavelength. It operates on the principle of total internal
reflection (critical angle effect).
8
Fiber-Optic Guide (cont.)
Higher index core region
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
9
Waveguides
Properties
Has a single hollow metal pipe
Can propagate a signal only at high frequency: > c
The width must be at least one-half of a wavelength
Has signal distortion, even in the lossless case
Immune to interference
Can handle large amounts of power
Has low loss (compared with a transmission line)
Has either Ez or Hz component of the fields (TMz or TEz)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism) 10
Transmission-Line Theory
11
Transmission Line
2 conductors
4 per-unit-length parameters:
C = capacitance/length [F/m]
L = inductance/length [H/m]
R = resistance/length [/m] Dz
G = conductance/length [ /m or S/m]
12
Transmission Line (cont.)
i z, t
B x x x +++++++
----------
v z, t
z
+ +
- -
z
13
Transmission Line (cont.)
+ +
- -
z
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) v( z z , t ) i ( z , t ) Rz Lz
t
v( z z , t )
i ( z , t ) i ( z z , t ) v( z z , t ) G z C z
t
14
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Hence
v( z z , t ) v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z t
i ( z z, t ) i ( z , t ) v( z z , t )
Gv( z z , t ) C
z t
Now let Dz 0:
v i
Ri L
z t “Telegrapher’s
Equations”
i v
Gv C
z t
15
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
To combine these, take the derivative of the first one with
respect to z:
v2
i i
R L
z 2
z z t Switch the
order of the
i i derivatives.
R L
z t z
v
R Gv C
t
v v2
L G C
t t 2
16
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
v
2
v v v 2
R Gv C L G C
z 2
t t t 2
Hence, we have:
v
2
v v
2
RG v ( RC LG ) LC 0
z 2
t t
2
17
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Time-Harmonic Waves:
v 2
v v
2
RG v ( RC LG ) LC 0
z 2
t t
2
dV
2
RG V ( RC LG ) jV LC ( )V 02
dz 2
18
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
dV2
RG V j ( RC LG )V LC V 2
dz 2
Note that
RG j ( RC LG ) LC ( R j L)(G jC )
2
Z R j L = series impedance/length
dV
2
19
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
ZY dV
2
( )V
2 2
Let Then
dz 2
Solution: V ( z ) Ae Be
z z
( R j L)(G jC )
1/ 2
Convention:
z z e j /2
principal square root
j attenuation contant
0, 0 phase constant
20
TEM Transmission Line (cont.)
Forward travelling wave (a wave traveling in the positive z direction):
v ( z , t ) Re V0 e z e j z e jt
Re V0 e j e z e j z e jt
2
g
t 0
g
V
e z Hence:
0
z 2
g
21
Phase Velocity
Track the velocity of a fixed point on the wave (a point of constant phase), e.g., the
crest.
vp (phase velocity)
v ( z , t ) V0 e z cos(t z )
22
Phase Velocity (cont.)
Set t z constant
dz
0
dt
dz
dt
In expanded form:
Hence v
p
v
p
Im ( R j L)(G jC )
1/ 2
23
Characteristic Impedance Z0
I+ (z)
+
V+(z)
- z
V ( z)
Z0
I ( z)
V0
V ( z ) V0 e z so Z0
I0
I ( z ) I 0 e z
(Z0 is a number, not a function of z.)
24
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
Use Telegrapher’s Equation:
v i
Ri L
z t
dV
so RI j LI
dz
ZI
z z
Hence V0 e ZI 0 e
25
Characteristic Impedance Z0 (cont.)
1/2
V0 Z Z
From this we have: Z0
I0 Y
Using
Z R j L
Y G jC
1/2
We have R j L
Z0
G j C
Note: The principal branch of the square root is chosen, so that Re (Z0) > 0.
26
General Case (Waves in Both Directions)
V z V0 e z V0 e z
j z j z j
V e e0
e V e e z e j z
0
wave in +z
direction wave in -z
Note: direction
v z , t Re V z e jt
V0 e z cos t z
V0 e z cos t z
27
Backward-Traveling Wave
I - (z)
+
V -(z)
- z
V (z) V ( z)
Z0 so Z0
I ( z)
I ( z)
Note: The reference directions for voltage and current are the same as
for the forward wave.
28
General Case
I (z)
+
V (z)
- z
29
Summary of Basic TL formulas
I(z)
+ V(z)
-
z
V z V e
0
z z
V e
0
V0 z V0 z
I z e e
Z0 Z0 guided wavelength g
1
j R j L G jC 2
2
g m
R j L
1
2
Z0
G j C
phase velocity vp
vp [m/s]
30
Lossless Case
R 0, G 0
j ( R j L)(G j C )
1/ 2
j LC
0
so vp
LC
1/ 2
R j L L 1
Z0 Z0 vp
G jC C LC
(real and indep. of freq.) (indep. of freq.)
31
Lossless Case (cont.)
1
vp
LC
In the medium between the two conductors is homogeneous (uniform)
and is characterized by (, ), then we have that
1
The speed of light in a dielectric medium is cd
Where do we assign z = 0?
I(z)
What if we know + V(z)
ZL
-
V and V @ z z
z=0
Can we use z = - l as
a reference plane?
V0 V 0 V e
Hence
V z V e V e
z z
34
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Terminating impedance (load)
I(z)
+ V(z)
ZL
-
z
z=0
Compare:
V z V 0 e z V 0 e z
V z V e V e
z ( ) z ( )
I(z)
+ V(z)
What is V(-l )? ZL
-
z
V V0 e V0e z=0
propagating propagating
forwards backwards
V0 V0
I e e
Z0 Z0 l distance away from load
36
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Total volt. at distance l
from the load
V
2
V V0 e V0 e V0 e 1 e
0
V0
Ampl. of volt. wave prop.
towards load, at the load Ampl. of volt. wave prop. L Load reflection coefficient
position (z = 0). away from load, at the
load position (z = 0). l Reflection coefficient at z = - l
V0 e 1 L e 2
Similarly,
V0
I e 1 L e 2
Z0 37
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
Z
l
1 L Z L Z0
Z 0 Z0 ZL L
1 L Z L Z0
1 L e2
Recall Z Z0 2
1 L e
Thus, Z L Z0 2
1 e
Z L Z0
Z Z0
Z Z 2
1 L 0
e
Z L Z0
39
Terminated Transmission Line (cont.)
Simplifying, we have
Z L Z0 2
1 e
Z Z0 Z L Z 0
Z0
Z L Z 0 Z L Z 0 e 2
2
Z Z 2
Z Z Z Z e
1
L 0 L 0
e
L 0
Z L Z0
Z L Z 0 e Z L Z 0 e
Z0
L Z Z 0 e
Z L Z 0 e
Z cosh Z0 sinh
Z0 L
Z
0 cosh Z L sinh
Hence, we have
Z L Z0 tanh
Z Z0
Z0 Z L tanh
40
Terminated Lossless Transmission Line
j j
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
Z
l
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
Z
Note: 2
g Always imaginary! Z jX sc
XSC X sc Z0 tan
inductive
/ g
0 1/4 1/2 3/4
45
Example
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0 V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin
Z L jZ0 tan d
Zin Z d Z0
Z0 jZ L tan d + ZTH
+
VTH V(-d) Zin
Zin -
V d VTH
Z
in ZTH
46
Example (cont.)
Note: V V e 0
j
1 e L
2 j
Z L Z0
L
Z L Z0
At l = d :
Zin
V d V e
0
j d
1 e
L
j 2 d
VTH
Z Z
in TH
Zin j d 1
V VTH
0 e j 2 d
Zin ZTH 1 L e
Hence
Zin j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Zm ZTH 1 Le
47
Example (cont.)
1 L e j 2 d
Some algebra: Zin Z d Z0 j 2 d
1 L e
1 Le j 2 d
Z0
Z in
1 L e j 2 d Z0 1 Le j 2 d
Z in ZTH 1 L e j 2 d Z 0 1 L e j 2 d ZTH 1 L e j 2 d
Z0 j 2 d
ZTH
1 L e
Z0 1 L e j 2 d
ZTH Z0 L e j 2 d Z 0 ZTH
Z0
1 L e j 2 d
Z
TH Z 0 Z ZTH
1 Le j 2 d 0
Z
TH Z 0
Z0
1 Le j 2 d
Z
TH Z 0 Z Z0
1 L e j 2 d TH
Z
TH Z 0
48
Example (cont.)
Hence, we have
Z in Z 0 1 L e j 2 d
Z in ZTH Z 0 Z TH 1 S L e j 2 d
ZTH Z0
where S
ZTH Z0
Z0 j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Z0 ZTH 1
S L e
49
Example (cont.)
d
I(-l)
+ ZTH
+
VTH Z0 V(-l) ZL
- -
l
Zin
Z0 j d 1 L e j 2
V VTH e j 2 d
Z0 ZTH 1 S Le
50
Example (cont.)
d
+ ZTH
VTH Z0 ZL
-
1 L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S
Z0
V d VTH Le S L e L e S L e S
j 2 d j 2 d j 2 d j 2 d
Z0 ZTH
51
Example (cont.)
1 Le j 2 d Le j 2 d S
Z0
V d VTH Le S L e j 2 d L e j 2 d S L e j 2 d S
j 2 d
Z0 ZTH
1 e j 2 d e j 2 d 2
L S L S
Z0
V d VTH L e j 2 d
1
L S e j 2 d
L S e
j 2 d 2
Z0 ZTH
Geometric series:
1
z
n 0
n
1 z z2
1 z
, z 1 z L S e j 2 d
52
Example (cont.)
Hence
1
j 2 d
Z0 1 Ls e
V d VTH
Z0 ZTH e j 2 d 1
L j 2 d
1 Ls e
or
Z0 1 L e j 2 d
V d VTH j 2 d
Z0 ZTH 1
L s e
53
Time- Average Power Flow
I(-l )
+
Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
l
j
+
Low-loss line Z0 , V(-l ) ZL
-
2 l
1V
P d
2 Z0
0 2
e2 1 L e4
2 2
1V 0 2 1V 2 2 0
*
e *
L e
2 Z 2 Z
0 0
power in forward wave power in backward wave
Lossless line ( = 0)
2
V
P d
1 0
2 Z0
1 L
2
55
Quarter-Wave Transformer
so
Hence
2
Z 0T
Z in Z 0T Z 0 Z L
1/2
ZL
56
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
I(-l )
Vmax V0 1 L 1- L
Vmin V0 1 L z / 2
z
z0
Vmax
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio VSWR
Vmin
1 L
VSWR
1 L 57
Coaxial Cable
Here we present a “case study” of one particular transmission line, the coaxial cable.
b r ,
Find C, L, G, R
For a TEMz mode, the shape of the fields is independent of frequency, and hence we
can perform the calculation using electrostatics and magnetostatics.
We will assume no variation in the z direction, and take a length of one meter in the z
direction in order top calculate the per-unit-length parameters.
58
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find C (capacitance / length)
r
Coaxial cable
0 0
E ˆ ˆ
r 2 2
0 r
a
l0 B
V VAB E dr
b -l0 A
b
0 b
E d ln
a
2 0 r a
59
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
r
Coaxial cable
Hence
Q 0 1
C
V 0 b
ln
2 0 r a
r
a We then have
l0
b -l0 2 0 r
C [F/m]
b
ln
a
60
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
I
B ˆ 0 r
Note: We ignore “internal inductance”
here, and only look at the magnetic field
2
between the two conductors (accurate I
for high frequency.
z
Magnetic flux: I center conductor
b S
(1) B d
a
h
61
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
b
1 0 r H d
h = 1 [m] a
I b
I
0 r d
2
r a
1 b
L 0 r ln
I 2 a
0 r b
Hence L ln [H/m]
2 a
62
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
Observation:
2 0 r
C [F/m]
b
ln
a
0 r b
L ln [H/m]
2 a
LC 0 0 r r
63
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
L
For a lossless cable: Z0
C
2 0 r 0 r b
C [F/m] L ln [H/m]
b 2 a
ln
a
r 1 b
Z 0 0 ln []
r 2 a
0
0 376.7303 []
0
64
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m]
Find G (conductance / length)
Coaxial cable
0 0
E ˆ ˆ
2 2
0 r
a
l0 B
V VAB E dr
b -l0 A
b
0 b
E d ln
a
2 0 r a
65
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
J E
a
l0
I leak J a
(1) 2 a
b -l0 2 a E a
0
2 a
2
0 r a
I leak
We then have G
V
0
2 a
2 a 2
G 0 r
or G [S/m]
0 b b
ln ln
2 0 r a a
66
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
Observation:
2
C [F/m] 0 r
b
ln
a
2
G [S/m]
b
ln
a
G C
This result actually holds for any transmission line.
67
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
As just derived,
G C
To be more general:
G
tan
This is the loss tangent that would
C arise from conductivity effects.
c j Effective permittivity that accounts for conductivity
j j
c j c
c
tan
c
69
Coaxial Cable (cont.)
h = 1 [m] Find R (resistance / length)
R Ra Rb
Coaxial cable
1
Ra Rsa
2 a
Rs = surface resistance of metal
1
Rb Rsb
b , rb 2 b
a , ra Rsa
1
Rsb
1
a a b b
a
2 2
b a b
0 ra a 0 rb b
70
General Transmission Line Formulas
L
(1) Z 0lossless characteristic impedance of line (neglecting loss)
C
(2) LC 0 0 r r R Ra Rb
1
2
G (4) Ri Rs 2 J sz (l ) dl
(3) tan I Ci
C Ci contour of conductor, i a, b
Equations (1) and (2) can be used to find L and C if we know the material
properties and the characteristic impedance of the lossless line.
Equation (3) can be used to find G if we know the material loss tangent.
L Z 0lossless
C / Z 0lossless
G C tan
RR
72
Common Transmission Lines
Coax
r 1 b r , r
Z lossless
0 ln []
r 2 a
0
a
1 1 b
R Rsa Rsb
2 a 2 b
Twin-lead
0 r h
Z 0lossless cosh 1 [] h
r 2a
a a
h
r , r
1 2a
R Rs
a h 2
1
2a 73
Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h 1)
reff f 1 reff 0
Z0 f Z 0 0 eff eff
r 0 1 r f
120
Z0 0
reff 0 w / h 1.393 0.667 ln w / h 1.444
t 2h
w w 1 ln t
w
t
er h
74
Common Transmission Lines (cont.)
Microstrip ( w / h 1)
2
r reff (0)
reff f r (0)
eff
1.5
1 4F
r 1 r 1 1 1 t / h
eff
0 r
r
2 2 1 12 h / w 4.6 w / h
h w
2
F 4 r 1 0.5 1 0.868ln 1
0 h
w
t
er h
75
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory
transmitted
incident
Bend
reflected
+- Z0 ZL
76
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
ZTH
+- Z0 ZL
77
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
r a
z b
78
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
+ -
The extended fields may cause
interference with nearby objects.
(This may be improved by using
“twisted pair.”)
Having fields that extend to infinity is not the same thing as having radiation, however.
79
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
The infinite twin lead will not radiate by itself, regardless of how far apart
the lines are.
1
Pt Re E H* ˆ dS 0
S 2
reflected
S
incident
+ -
h
80
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
A discontinuity on the twin lead will cause radiation to occur.
Incident wave
pipe
Obstacle h
Reflected wave
Bend h bend
81
Reflected wave
Limitations of Transmission-Line Theory (cont.)
CAT 5 cable
(twisted pair)
82