LECTURE-02

Tool Geometry

A.K.AM. NURUL AMIN

PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICA AND PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING
AUST
Cutting Tool Geometry
 Cutting tool is a device with which a material could be
cut to the desired size, shape or finish.
 So a cutting tool must have at least one sharp edge.
There are two types of cutting tool.
 The tool having only one cutting edge is called single
point cutting tools.
 For example shaper tools, lathe tools, planer tools,
etc.
 The tool having more than one cutting edge is called
multipoint cutting tools. For example drills, milling
cutters, broaches, grinding wheel honing tool, etc.
Cutting Tool Geometry
A single point cutting tool may be either right or left hand
cut tool depending on the direction of feed.

Primary Cutting Edge

Left hand cutting Right hand cutting

tool tool

Fig. 2 Tool for Left Hand and Right hand cutting

Tool-in-hand Nomenclature

Fig. 3 Nomenclature of Tool and cutting surfaces

Fig. 4 Tool Nomenclature of a single point cutting tool
 The cutting tool consists of the following elements:
 face or rake surface,
 flank,
 cutting edges and
 the tip/nose/corner.
 Face or rake surface is the surface of the cutting
tool along which the chips flow out.
 Flank surfaces are those facing the work piece.
There are two flank surfaces:
 principal and
 auxiliary flank surfaces.
 Principal cutting edge performs the major portion
of cutting and is formed by intersecting the face
with the principal flank surface.
 Auxiliary cutting edge (often called end cutting
edge) is formed by the intersection of the rake
surface with the auxiliary flank surface.
 Corner/nose or cutting point is the meeting point
of the principal cutting edge with the auxiliary
cutting edge.
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 Shape of the cutting tool is defined either in the:
 Tool Reference system, or
 Machine Reference system
 Analysis of the tool shape includes:
 Location of the cutting edges with respect to the
chosen reference system.
 Orientation of the face and flank surfaces with
respect to the chosen reference system.
 Location of cutting edges are defined with
respect to the machine and tool reference
systems as shown in Fig. 5.
Orthogonal Tool and Machine Reference
Systems

Fig. 5 Tool and Machine Reference Systems

Planes of the (International) Orthogonal
Tool Reference system

Figure 7 Planes of the International Orthogonal Tool

Reference system
Planes in the International Orthogonal Tool
Reference System
 Tool Reference plane, ΠR, is a horizontal plane,
passing through the base of the single point tool
 Cutting plane, ΠC, is a plane, passing through the
principal cutting edge of a single point tool and
perpendicular to the ΠR plane.
 Orthogonal plane, ΠO, plane perpendicular to both
the ΠR and the ΠC planes.
Planes of the Machine Reference system
(American system)
Planes in the Machine Reference System
(American Ref. System)
 Machine Reference plane, ΠR, is a horizontal plane,
passing through the base of the single point tool
 Longitudinal plane, ΠX, is the plane, parallel to the
longitudinal feed motion, and perpendicular to the
ΠR plane.
 Transverse plane, ΠY, is the plane, and perpendicular
to both the ΠX, and the ΠR planes.
Orientation of the Cutting Edges

Fig. 7 Location of cutting edges with respect to

the machine reference system
Definition of the Cutting Edge angles
Coordinate Axes:
Zm+ is the vertical axis coinciding with the cutting velocity, V

Xm is the horizontal axis coinciding with the longitudinal feed

direction.
Ym is the transverse axis coinciding with the transverse feed
direction
 φ - Principal Cutting edge angle
It is defined as the angle between the projection of the
principal cutting edge on the ΠR plane and the Xm+ axis.
 φe - Auxiliary Cutting edge angle
It is defined as the angle between the projection of the
auxiliary cutting edge on the ΠR plane and the Xm- axis.
 φs – Side/Principal Cutting edge angle in American
System
It is defined as the angle between the projection of the
principal cutting edge on the ΠR plane and the Ym- axis.
 ɛ - Plan angle of the tool
It is defined as the angle between the projection of the
principal cutting edge on the ΠR plane and the the
projection of the auxiliary cutting edge on the same
plane (ΠR).
 φ + φe + ɛ = 1800
 φs = 900 – φ
Orientation of the Face and Flank
surfaces
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool

Fig. 7 Orientation of the Face and Flank Surfaces

Coordinate Axes:
ZTO+ is the vertical axis coinciding with the cutting velocity, V

XTO + is
the horizontal axis, in the Orthogonal Tool Reference
system, perpendicular to the principal cutting edge.
YTO+ isthe transverse axis is the horizontal axis, in the
Orthogonal Tool Reference system, parallel to the principal
cutting edge.
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 Orientation of the face and flank surfaces are
indicated in the above figures.
 Definition of the angles:
 ƳO – ‘Orthogonal rake’ angle: This angle is defined in the
Orthogonal plane ΠO and is formed by the face of the tool
with the XO+ axis.
 αO – ‘Orthogonal clearance’ angle: This angle is defined in
the Orthogonal plane ΠO and is formed between the
side/principal flank surface of the and the Z O+ axis.
 βO – ‘Orthogonal wedge angle of the tool’: This angle is
defined in the Orthogonal plane ΠO and is formed between
the side flank surface and the face of the tool.
αO + βO + ƳO = 900
α’, β’ and Ƴ’ are similar angles in the auxiliary
orthogonal cutting plane, which is perpendicular to
the auxiliary cutting edge.
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 The inclination angle of the side (main)
cutting edge λ is measured in the cutting plane
πC and is the angle between the side/principal
cutting edge and the YTO+ axis(Figs. 7, and 8).

Fig. 7 Orientation of the Face and Flank Surfaces

Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool

Fig. 8. Angle of inclination of the side

(main) cutting edge
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 The angle of inclination (also called the slope
angle) is considered to be negative if the nose is
the highest point of the cutting edge (Fig. 8a). It
is equal to zero if the cutting edge is parallel to
the basic plane (Fig. 8b) and positive if the tool
nose is the lowest point of the cutting edge (Fig.
8c).
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 In addition to angles γ and α measured in the
main reference plane, it is sometimes necessary
(for example, in tool grinding and sharpening) to
refer to angles which are measured in the
transverse (parallel to the tool axis) and
longitudinal (perpendicular to the tool axis)
planes i.e. in the Machine Reference System (Fig.
9).
 In the longitudinal plane BB (Πx) (Fig. 23), the
rake and the side (main) flank surface will have
the angles γlg and αlg, while in the transverse
plane AA (Πy) (Fig. 23), the angles will be γtr and
αtr.
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
Geometry of Single Point Cutting Tool
 γlg is the side rake angle which is an angle in the
longitudinal plane, Πx, between Xm- axis and the
tool face.
 αlg is the side clearance angle which is an angle in
the longitudinal plane, Πx, between Zm+ axis and
the tool flank surface.
 γtr is the back rake angle which is an angle in the
transverse plane, Πy, between Ym- axis and the
tool face.
 αtr is back clearance angle which is an angle in
the transverse plane, Πy, between Zm+ axis and
the tool flank surface.
Tool Nomenclature in different
Reference Systems
Tool Reference System
Reference Machine
British
System/Geometry Reference
Orthogonal Normal System
Parameter System

Location of Cutting φ, φ1 φ, φ1 Φs, φe φ, φ1

Edges
Orientation of Faces Ƴo, λ Ƴn, λ ƳX, ƳY Ƴmax, φγ
Orientation of αo αn αX, α Y αγ, αX
Principal Flank
Surface
Orientation of αo’ αn’ - -
Auxiliary Flank
Surface
Nose Radius r r r r
Tool Signature in different System
Orthogonal System:
 λ- Ƴo- αo - αo’- φ1 – φ – r
American System:
 ƳY - ƳX – αY – αX – φe – φs – r
 Normal Rake System:
 λ- Ƴn- αn - αn’- φ1 – φ – r