(NGEC-017)Social Science 2

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 Culture

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 Culture
Learning Objectives:
After this lesson, the cadet will be
able to:
1. Define the meaning of Culture.
2. Identify the Kinds of Culture.
3. Explain and discuss the types
of Norms.
4. Identify the characteristics of
Culture.
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 Culture
Learning Objectives:
After this lesson, the cadet will be
able to:

5. Elaborate on the different

Filipino Customs and beliefs.
6. Enumerate and discuss the
Filipino Values.

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 Culture

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 Culture
Meaning of Culture
-is a very powerful force that affects
the lives of the members of a
society.
-It shapes and guide people’s perception of
reality, determines the food they eat, clothing
they wear, music they listen to, the games they
play.

-It shapes their understanding of good and evil,

love and hate, health and sickness, life and
death, among others.
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 Culture
Meaning of Culture
-in short, the individual’s culture
becomes immediately evident by his
clothing, food, belief, mannerism, and
others.

-tell what the individual does, what to do,

and how he should do those things, and he
should relate to other people.

-It makes man different from one place to

another.

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 Kinds of Culture
1. Material Culture
- this refers to the concrete and
tangible things that man creates and
uses. This includes dwelling units, tools,
weapons, clothing’s, books, machines,
artifacts relics, fossil etc.- things that
man creates by altering the natural
environment. These concrete things
increase the person’s chances for
survival and enrich his life. This culture
is the area of anthropological study.
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 Kinds of Culture
2. Non-material Culture
-this refers to non-material things or
intangible objects which the person
uses, follows, professes, or strives to
conform. It includes, knowledge,
laws, lifestyles, techniques, ideas,
customs, behaviors, among others.
These things are inherent in culture.
This kinds of culture is the area of
sociological study.
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 Non-Material Culture:

1. Beliefs- these are man’s perception

about the reality of things and are
shared ideas about how the
environmental operates. Man’s
evolution, attitudes, values,
ideology, and religion may influence
man’s belief.

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 Non-Material Culture:

*Superstitious beliefs are not based

on scientific evidences.
Superstitious are barriers to social
and technological development.
*Scientific belief are phenomena and
are based on experimentation and
research studies.

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 Non- Material Culture:
2. Knowledge- is a body of facts
and beliefs that people
acquire and accumulate over
time. It consists of
information about places,
events and people. It binds or
links individuals in a society.
Knowledge may be natural,
supernatural technical and
magical.
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 Non- Material Culture:
3. Norms- these are guides or modes of
behavior which tell how people should
behave in a particular situation; what
people ought or not ought to do. They set
limits by which individual achieve their
goals. They regulate people’s behavior in
a given society; a societal prescription on
how one is to act in a given situations- for
example in any sport, restaurant, church,
recreational center, etc.
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 Non-Material Culture
4. Sanctions- are prescribed norms
of conduct exposed by society to
an individual for him to conform to
moral standards and accept those
that are favorable to a group.
Formal sanctions are prescribed
norms of conduct that are written
guide for individuals to conform
with.
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 Non-Material Culture
Cont.
Informal sanctions are those
prescribed norms of conduct which
are transmitted by word of mouth
from person or group to another.
Whether formal or non- formal,
sanctions always imposed rewards to
those who observe the norms of
conduct and punish those who violate
the norms of conduct.
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 Types of Norms:

1. Folkways- are customary ways of

behaving which have become
habitual and repetitive. They are
simply the way people usually do
things. It produces habits in the
individual and customs in the
group. If the person violates the
folkways, he may be regarded as
weird, or crazy but not criminal or
immoral.
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 Types of Norms
cont.
Sanctions or punishment for
violating the folkways are: ridicule,
raised eyebrows, sarcastic remarks,
disapproval or embarrassment.
Examples of folkways are shaking
hands, regular bathing, cutting tall
grasses around the house, not
drinking liquor in church etc.

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 Forms of Folkways
a. Customs are repetitive ways of
doing things, such as manner and
styles of dressing, marriage,
ceremony, hand kissing as a sign of
respect, and activities in eating,
fighting, birth, death, burial, etc.
For example, the occidental people
use silverware in eating while the
Chinese people use chopsticks; the
use of good morning and goodbye.
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 Forms of Folkways
b. Traditions are the ways of
believing, such as belief in God,
belief in life hereafter, belief in
superstition.

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 Types of Norms
2. Mores- are norms that become
more compulsive and necessary for
the welfare of society and take on
moral significance. Many of our
mores are established customs.

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 Types of Norms
Examples of mores are the prohibition
of incest, cannibalism, abuse of
children respect for authority, sex and
marriage behavior, private ownership
of property, division of labor. Society
does not tolerate violation of the
mores. Punishment in the violation of
the mores is in the form of ostracism,
beating, withdrawal of privileges, etc.

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 Types of Norms
3. Laws- These are formalized social
norms enacted by people and are
enforced formally by a special
political organization. The enforcing
agencies are the police, courts,
prison, etc. laws are more adaptable
to changing conditions than
folkways and mores. Many mores
are incorporated into laws.

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 Types of Norms

Examples of laws:
constitutional laws, traffic
laws, criminal, civil and
administrative laws, school
laws, business laws,
ordinances.

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 Types of Norms
4. Values- these are abstract ideas
of what are desirable, correct, and
good that most members of a
society share. They represent that
standards we use to evaluate the
desirability of things. Each society
has certain values that sets it parts
and distinguishes it from other
societies.
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 Types of Norms
Cont.

Values are so general and

encompassing that they do not
specify which behaviors are
acceptable and are which are
not.

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 Types of Norms
5. Language- this is another
component of culture in which a
system of symbols have specific and
arbitrary meaning in a given society.
Language sets human beings apart
from other living things. It is language
that makes us higher than animals.
Language makes it possible for us to
learn from others’ experiences and
from these experiences we transmit
them to others.
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 Types of Norms
6. Fashions, Fads, Crazes- These
are other components of culture.
Fashions have longer life than
fads and crazes. Fashion follows a
special pattern of behavior such
that it spreads from the upper
levels of society downward.
Fashion has a direct relationships
with prestige. Fads are either
verbal or non-verbal.
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 Types of Norms
Examples are body piercing,
body tattooing. Fads eventually
die out. Crazes are sometimes
called rages or social
epidemics. Hair coloring,
manicuring with black color of
nail polish are examples of
crazes.

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 Types of Norms

7. Ideas- these norms

comprise man’s perceptions of
the physical, social and cultural
world.

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 Characteristics of Culture

1. Culture is learned and acquired.

Culture is not instinctive not a part of
biological equipment of man. It is
acquired through the senses and
experiences –from the neighbors, family,
playmates, schools, churches, and other
agents of socialization. The means of
acquisition are imitation, conditioning,
suggestion, formal or informal instruction
and mass media communication.
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 Characteristics of Culture

2. Culture is shared are

transmitted. To continuously
preserve culture, it is best to share
to other people or to transmit it to
the next generation, or else it will
die a natural death. Culture is
transmitted through language (oral,
written or symbolic).

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 Characteristics of Culture

3. Culture is adaptive or dynamics.

Culture is always changing. News
ideas, procedures, and techniques
are added, modified or discarded.
People must be prepared and ready
to conform to these changes. The
changes going on today is very
rapid than in the primitive times
due to fast advancement of science
and technology.
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 Characteristics of Culture

4. Culture is cumulative. Certain

features of culture have been
retained today and they are
modified and innovated to make
them new and updated. Thus,
man’s modification and innovation
are learned from already existing
culture in the past.

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 Characteristics of Culture

5. Culture is ideational. Culture is

an ideal pattern of behavior which
the members are expected to
follow. Thus, the members of
society see society from the
standpoint of culture.

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 Characteristics of Culture

6. Culture gratifies human needs.

Culture continues to exist if it
satisfies human needs biologically
and psychologically. An individual is
likely to follow and observe cultural
techniques that satisfy his needs.

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 Characteristics of Culture

7. Culture is social. Culture is a

group product developed by
many individuals interacting in a
group. The habits and
knowledge of the members in a
group are shared by the
members. Out of the sharing of
ideas, culture sprouts.

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 Characteristics of Culture

8. Culture is integration. By integration, it

means that there is a tendency for
individuals to fully appreciate those
elements in culture that are best for them
and these are very often integrated in their
personality and become a part of their
behavior. Most often, these bundles of
traits or elements which are already rooted
in their behavior are very difficult to
remove as they were already ingrained or
were internalized over the year.
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 Functions of Culture

1. It serves as a “trademark” of the

people in a society. It serves as a
distinguishing mark of one group of
people to another. It characterizes the
cultural traits of the people in a certain
society.
2. It gives meaning to man’s existence.
There is no society that does not have
culture. Through culture, the existence of
the members of a society becomes more
meaningful and purposive.
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 Functions of Culture

3. Culture unifies diverse behavior.

Each individual behavior that is
brought into the society is unified and
coordinated with other individual’s
behavior making it the entire culture of
a society. There is unity in a diversity of
behavior.
4. Culture provides social solidarity. It
develops loyalty and devotion for a
common national pride.
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 Functions of Culture

5. Culture establishes social personality.

Despite differences among individuals
there is only one social personality that is
produced in a society.
6. Culture provides systematic
behavioral pattern. Individuals are
governed by culture. Each culture consist
of one norm as basis for all individuals to
observe. Consequently, the behavioral
pattern of individuals become coherent,
and consistent.
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 Functions of Culture

7. Culture promotes meaning to individual’s

existence. Every member of society has
aspirations in life. It is the culture where the
member belongs that shapes his quest for
life’s meaning and direction.
8. Culture predicts social behavior. Since
knowledge and ideas are internalized by the
members of a particular society, the culture
of the members can be the basis of
predicting the behavior of the members in
that society.
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 Functions of Culture

9. Culture provides social

structures category. The existing
culture of the people in a certain
society could be the basis of
judging the kind of social structure
existing in that society.

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 Modes of Acquiring Culture

1. Imitation. Children and adults alike have the

tendency to imitate the values, attitudes, language
and all other things in their social environment. Some
of those things imitated are internalized in their
personality and become a part of their attitude,
character and other behavioral pattern.
2. Indoctrination or Suggestion. This may take the
form of formal trainings or informal teaching.
Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he
may acquire those behaviors from listening or
watching, reading, attending trainings activities or
through interaction.
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 Modes of Acquiring Culture

3. Conditioning. The values, beliefs,

and attitudes of other people are
acquired through conditioning. This
conditioning can be reinforced
through reward and punishment.
4. Convergence. When two or more
cultures are fused or merged into
one culture making it different from
the original culture.

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 Modes of Acquiring Culture

5. Fission. When people break away from

their original culture and start developing
a different culture of their own.
6. Acculturation. Individuals incorporate
the behavioral patterns of other cultures
into their own either voluntarily or by
force. Voluntary acculturation occurs
through imitation, borrowing, or personal
contact with other people.

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 Modes of Acquiring Culture

7. Assimilation. When the culture of a

larger society assumes some of the
culture of the larger or host society.
8. Accommodation. When the larger
society and smaller society are able to
respect and tolerate each other’s
culture even if there is already a
prolonged contact of each other’s
culture, this process is called
accommodation.
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 Adaptation of Culture

Culture are many and they vary. Many

of the cultures of the world have been
integrated into the personality of an
individual –in many ways.

1. Parallelism. The same culture may

take place in two or more different
places. For example, the domestication
of dogs, cats, pigs, and other animals
may have semblance in other places.
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 Adaptation of Culture

2. Diffusion. This refers to those

behavioral patterns that pass back
and forth from one culture to
another. Examples are food and
eating practices, marriage and
wedding ceremonies burial rituals,
feast celebrations.

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 Other Cultural Concepts

1. Sub-culture. There are groups of people

who do not want to assimilate the culture of
others or follow exactly the culture of the
society where they belong. They want to
think and behave differently from the rest.
They differ in a variety of ways because they
possess unique features. Examples are the
“apir” gesture of greetings; the use of the
words “bebong” or “chick” to a girl, “rape”
as inverted version of pera or “atik” or
“bread”. Sub-culture exist in all societies.
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 Other Cultural Concepts

2. Culture Shock. When people go to other

places and are confronted with a different
culture of their own, they may lose familiar
signs and symbols of social intercourse and
experience some kind of unpleasant
events. So a kind of negative reaction will
ensure which is called culture shock. This is
usually experienced by migrants or
professionals, and tourists when travelling
to far places in the Philippines or in foreign
lands.
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 Other Cultural Concepts

3. Culture lag. When some parts of

society’s cultural pattern sometimes
become outmoded in relation to others
due to rapid changes, institutions and
persons that could not cope with
innovations and modern changes lag
behind. A farmer who still practices the
traditional method of farming and cannot
accept innovative farming is an example of
cultural lag; exploitation of child laborers
is another examples.
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 Other Cultural Concepts

4. Cultural Universals. These are

behavioral pattern that are commonly
found in all human cultures. Examples
are sports, games, dancing, funeral
procession, gift giving, hospitality,
religious rituals, wedding ceremonies,
tool making.

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 Other Cultural Concepts

5. Cultural Dualism. This is a

behavioral pattern of some Filipinos in
which two cultures or even more are
being manifested in the personality
and character of a Filipino. He may
have a blending of Filipino-Spanish
culture or Filipino- American Culture.

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 Other Cultural Concepts

6. Cultural Relativism. This is the opposite of

Ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism is a
cultural concept based on the idea that
culture is relative, that is no culture in a
society is perfect, good or bad. Any society
must evaluate its own standard on the basis
of its history, environment, functions, values
and other social circumstances, of the
people. The culture of one society should
not be compared with another society’s
culture as a perfect one. Thus, each culture
is unique and different from other culture.
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 Other Cultural Concepts

7. Cultural Ethnocentrism. This cultural

concept is a belief that one’s culture is
superior, right, and normal than other
cultures. The members of that society
regard themselves as having the best
culture in terms of values, traditions, traits,
customs and other cultural patterns. The
Greeks, in ancient Greece, considered
themselves superior from the rest of
society. The French people have high regard
of their culture than the English people.
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 Other Cultural Concepts

Cont.
Hitler even proclaimed that the German
people are superior over the Jews. The
African whites considered the black Africans
as inferior to them, and the Spaniards
considered the Filipinos as “Indios”, etc.

*The feeling of superiority is a matter of

training and socialization and is reinforced at
home, school and environment.
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 Cultural ethnocentrism have advantages and disadvantages

Its advantages are:

1. It serves as a source of pride, well-

being and security of a group;
2. It may strengthen group morale;
3. It enhances group solidarity and
individual self-esteem;
4. It increases the group’s appreciation
of and commitment to one’s culture.

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 Cultural ethnocentrism have advantages and disadvantages

Cultural ethnocentrism has also several

disadvantages:

1. It may cause inter-group conflicts and

problems of all sorts;
2. It may lead to social intolerance and
prejudice due to in-group and out-group
feeling;
3. It may cause one group to be isolated and
eventually stagnate for being condemned as
inferior group.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

Positive or Acceptable

1. “Balikatan” System. When an individual is

confronted with a problem or difficulty,
everybody shares the burden of helping the
person who is in need of assistance.
Examples: sharing in the expenses during an
emergency or times of needs, pooling a
common fund from which the members can
borrow for their needs; giving reliefs in the
form of cash or kind to a person struck by
calamities.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

2. “Bayanihan” System. A certain task is

effectively and easily completed if
everybody shares his time, effort and
money to expedite the completion of a
task. Example: transferring the whole
nipa hut to another place is done by
bayanihan way; digging a drainage canal
by the barangay people; cleaning the
are for the putting up a basketball court.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

3. “Pakikisama” or Conformity. This is

a positive way of yielding to the
group’s unanimous or majority’s
decision so as to complete a task.
Without it, there would be disunity in
the group. To get along well with the
group, even with some important
commitment is “magaling makisama”.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

4. Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR).

This is a value based on good relationship with
people. SIR is characterized by the use of go-
between and euphemism. The use of “go-
between” necessitates the hiring of a third
party to act as a “bridge” or referee to assuage
a bruise, heal a “wound” in his relations with
people whose goodwill is important. Examples
are to act as a middleman to an embarrassing a
request such as a loan, a complaint or to avoid
“hiya” or a face to face confrontation.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

5. “Pakikiramay”. This is a sympathetic

attitude to another person and it is
emphasized by the statement “di ka nag-
iisa”. This is often practiced among
friends, neighbors, distant relatives
among barriomates and townmates. In
times of grief or distress or even the
death of a person, the bereaved family is
extended a condolence by other
individuals.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

6. “Compadre” or “Comadre”
System. The closeness of family ties is
usually extended to ritual kinship to
include “ninong and ninang”. These
sponsors to a baptismal,
confirmation, or wedding ceremonies
are usually prominent people in the
community who can help their
godchildren (inaanak) in times of
needs.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

7. “Utang na loob” or the sense of gratitude.

One aspect of this is in gift-giving, that is, when
a gift is given, it is “utang na loob” of the
recipient. Another aspect of “utang na loob”
that cannot be repaid in kind and remain
outstanding throughout life are: the life we
owe to our parents; when ones’ life is saved by
another; when someone provides us with a
much- needed job; someone saved the
reputation of a person from being tarnished; or
when someone was saved from a financial
distress without “string attached”.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

8. Desire for Socio- Economic

Improvement. Every Filipino family
wants to succeed and for the children
to be successful in their aspirations.
Parents feel that education can bring
success to their children as it is the
only legacy they can give to them.
Parents would sacrifice comfort and
spend their money or even barrow
money just so they can send their
children to school.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

Cont.

Sometimes older brothers and sisters

forego marriage to be able to help pay
for the schooling of their younger
siblings. In business firms, usually it is
the owner’s children who occupy
higher position in the firm.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

9. Hospitality value. This value is

done by people welcoming visitors
with warmth and enthusiasm at
home, or by inviting them to visit
their homes or whatever
circumstances warrant. Hospitality
can promote goodwill and
cooperation.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

10. Fiesta celebration. Celebration can serve very

important purposes. It strengthens family loyalty and
unity; it serves to acquire new friends and allies; may
heal individual’s animosity and misunderstand; may
serve to strengthen the power structure, may serve to
display the affluence of the host; may reduce the
expenses incurred in baptism, confirmation, marriage,
birthday, and other special occasions when tied with
the fiesta celebration or to serve as outlet to reduce
work pressure and work overload; to relieve
boredom; and to make people forget their troubles,
problems and difficulties.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

cont.

On the other hand, fiesta celebration has

negative effects when the host incur so
much debt that he could hardly repay.
Sometimes the host borrows money
from lenders who charge high interest
rates; or when the celebration is
centered more on material aspects than
on its spiritual significance.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

Negative or Unacceptable

1. Indolence. Many Filipinos are lazy, lacking of

initiative and ambition. Many still subsist on
asking alms, or writing for relief or “awa”. Their
attitude is like the legendary “Juan Tamad”.
They don’t want to labor and soil their hands
with dirt. Some people are parasites so much
so that even if they are not invited to a party,
they come on their own violation bringing
with them too other members of the family.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

2. The “Ningas Cogon” attitude. Tis in an

attitude with great interest and enthusiasm in
the beginning but eventualyl dies down at the
end. In an affair/ occasion, for instance, there
is so much fanfare and publicity at the start –
but at the end of the affair, all the chairs,
tables, used plates and glasses are left in the
place of celebration/ events. Nobody
volunteers to put the equipment/ utensils on
their proper places. Sometimes, the plates,
glasses and all other utensils are left on the
table and feasted on by flying insects.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

3. “Mañana Habit”. This is the

tomorrow-attitude or
procrastination attitude. People set
aside their work for tomorrow what
they can already do today. People
can accomplish many things if they
only make use of their time
profitably.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

4. “Bahala na” attitude. This is a kind of

fatalism in which the person leaves
everything to fate. He lets fate control his
destiny and decides his success. This term
comes from “Bahala na” which means that
God will take care of everything. Some
students, for instance, do not bring their
books, notes or handouts to class, or read
their books, or work on their assignments.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

5. Indulging in gambling. This is one

favorite pastime of Filipinos which
has more negative effects than
positive ones. Jueteng, tongits,
fronton, cara y cruz, pintakasi
(sabong) mahjong are some of the
forms of gambling that bring evil to
society because of the negative
effects they bring especially to the
young adults.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

6. “Hiya” complex. This is an uncomfortable

feeling of being found in an unacceptable
position or uncomfortable feeling of doing
something not socially acceptable,
accompanied by a feeling of shame or
embarrassment. It is stronger when dealing
with an authority figure. When “hiya” is
given too much importance, it becomes a
threat to progress. A feeling of confidence
and personal worth can reduce the “hiya”
complex.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

7. Amor Propio. This is associated closely

with “hiya”. It is a spanish term meaning
self-love, or self-esteem, the fear of
losing social acceptance. Once a person
has attained social acceptance, he will do
everything to keep that status. A person
will certainly feel hurt and insulted if the
criticism is directed against those
qualities that he holds dear or has value
to him.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

8. “Lagay” and “Areglo”. These are

established socio-political
connections for some material
consideration to be able to obtain
favors. These negative practices often
occur in government offices where
special privileges and favors may be
obtained in return for which certain
considerations are exchanged.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

9. “Palakasan” scheme. Obtaining a

job, getting a promotion, transfer,
and other special privileges and favor
are often done by “palakasan”. The
scheme is manifested in a society
which there is strong family ties and
the influence of power and wealth.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

10. Use of euphemistic expression.

Euphemistic expression is stating an
unpleasant opinion, truth or request as
pleasantly as possible to please another
person so as not to directly hurt his ego.
It is sometimes called “white lies”. To
avoid direct confrontation, one uses the
euphemistic expression like tsaka na lang
(later on), okey lang or marahil (perhaps),
siguro nga (could be) or bahala na.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

11. The “suerte”, “tadhana”, “malas” and

“buenas” forms of fatalism. These are
beliefs in fate, predestination, in
horoscope and hula (fortune telling). This
fatalism still persist today when a Filipino
accepts with resignation and tolerance his
pain and frustration. These undesirable
values can be minimized work and savings,
by personal achievement, the environment
can be controlled and that life is what we
make of it.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

12. The existence of spirits, ghost and

supernatural beings. The beliefs on
these “unseen beings” still persists in
our thoughts and we imagine them to
be existing in this material world. Many
people believe that spirits possess
supernatural powers and so we pray to
them, offer food to the “anitos” and
“anitas” so that they will not harm us
or bring bad luck to our activities.

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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

13. The Gaya-gaya practice. Generally,

imitation is not bad per se because it is one
form of learning especially if there is a good
model to imitate. On the other hand, “gaya-
gaya” has a negative value if it indicates
lack of creativity, imitativeness, pioneering
spirit or as a consequence of timidity to go
into a new field of endeavor and just rely
on meek imitation. It does not bring good
result to the individual’s ingenuity and
resourcefulness.
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 Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

14. Karma. Many Filipinos believe in

karma, the indian word which means
“the law of nature”. The saying “for
every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction” is referred to karma.
There is also a saying in Tagalog: “Kung
ano ang tinanim ay siyang aanihin
(What you have sowed is what you will
reap). If you do harm to others, that
harm goes back to you.
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 Summary
Video Film Presentation:

Types of Culture:
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=R-0zAxBCFGE

06 / 22 / 2020 ©Youtube.com 85
 Summary
Video Film Presentation:

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=mZ_9-mwC1ww

06 / 22 / 2020 ©Youtube.com 86
 References:

1. Leano, Romano Jr. et.al.

Society and Culture with Family
Planning
(Modular Approach), C&E Publishing
Inc. (pp. 221-237)
2.Ariola, Marcos M. et.al Sociology
and Anthropology with Family
Planning
Purely Books Trading and Publishing
House Corp. (pp.177-189)
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 Culture
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