Lecture 7: Sampling Techniques

Lecturer: Mr. Abdirisak Suleiman Ibrahim

Learning objectives:

• Define study population

• Define sampling
• State two main methods for sampling.
• Mention techniques of probability sampling.
• Describe Simple Random Sampling.
• Describe Systematic Sampling
• Define Stratified Sampling
• Describe Cluster Sampling
• Describe Multistage Sampling
• Definition of Non probability Sampling
• Estimate Sample Size
Important statistical terms
Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all responses, measurements, or counts that are of
interest)

Sample:
A subset of the population
Why sampling?

Get information about large populations

 Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job of Data Collection
 When it’s impossible to study the whole population
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the investigator wants
to generalize his results
Sampling Unit:
smallest unit from which sample can be selected
Sampling frame
List of all the sampling units from which sample is drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling frame
 Types of Sampling

• Probability (Random) Sampling

• Simple random sampling
• Systematic random sampling
• Stratified random sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Multistage sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling
• Convenience sampling
• Purposive sampling
• Quota sampling
• Snowball Sampling 7
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
• A probability sampling scheme is one in which every
unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero)
of being selected in the sample, and this probability
can be accurately determined.
• When every element in the population does have the
same probability of selection, this is known as an
'equal probability of selection' (EPS) design. Such
designs are also referred to as 'self-weighting' because
all sampled units are given the same weight.

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Probability Sampling
1. Simple random sampling
A simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population
in which each member of the subset has an equal probability
of being chosen.
2. Systematic Random Sampling
Systematic sampling is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an
ordered sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is
an equiprobability method. In this approach, progression through the list is treated
circularly, with a return to the top once the end of the list is passed. The sampling starts
by electing an element from the list at random and then every kth element in the frame is
selected, where k, the sampling interval (sometimes known as the skip): this is calculated as:
N
K= _______
n
where n is the sample size, and N is the population size.
3. Stratified Random Sampling

•  Stratified random sampling, the strata are formed based on

members' shared attributes or characteristics. A random sample from
each stratum is taken in a number proportional to the stratum's size
when compared to the population. These subsets of the strata are
then pooled to form a random sample.
4.Cluster Random Sampling
• This sampling plan, the total population is divided into these groups
(known as clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is
selected. The elements in each cluster are then sampled.
5. Multistage Sampling
• Multistage sampling can be a complex form of
cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves
dividing the population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more
clusters are chosen at random and everyone within the chosen cluster
is sampled.
 NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Any sampling method where some elements of population have no

chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of
coverage'/'under covered'), or where the probability of selection
can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements
based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which
forms the criteria for selection. Hence, because the selection of
elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling not allows the
estimation of sampling errors..

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• Example: We visit every household in a given street, and interview the
first person to answer the door. In any household with more than one
occupant, this is a nonprobability sample, because some people are
more likely to answer the door (e.g. an unemployed person who
spends most of their time at home is more likely to answer than an
employed housemate who might be at work when the interviewer
calls) and it's not practical to calculate these probabilities.
1. Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where

subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and
proximity to the researcher.
2. Purposive Sampling
• Purposive sampling (also known as judgment, selective or
subjective sampling) is a sampling technique in which researcher
relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of
population to participate in the study.
3. Quota Sampling
• A sampling method of gathering representative data from a group. As
opposed to random sampling, quota sampling requires that
representative individuals are chosen out of a specific subgroup. For
example, a researcher might ask for a sample of 100 females, or 100
individuals between the ages of 20-30.
4. Snowball Sampling
• Snowball sampling (also known as chain-referral sampling) is a non-
probability (non-random) sampling method used when characteristics
to be possessed by samples are rare and difficult to find.
Sample Size Determination
• Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of
observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The
sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which
the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample
SLOVEN’S Formula
N
n = ______________
1+Ne2
211
n = ____________________ 138
1+ (211) (0.05)2
N=Population
n=sample size
E: standard of error
E (0.05) constant
Thank You So Much