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Introduction
samplingis the reduction of acontinuous signalto a discrete
signal. A common example is the conversion of asound wave(a
continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time
signal).
Asampleis a value or set of values at a point in time and/or
space.
Asampleris a subsystem or operation that extracts samples
from acontinuous signal.

Sampling Method
A process used in statistical analysis in which a
predetermined number of observations will be taken from a
larger population. The methodology used to sample from a
larger population will depend on the type of analysis being
performed, but will include simple random sampling,
systematic sampling and observational sampling.

Basic Principles of Sampling

Theory

of

sampling

is

based

on

the

following

laws-

Law of Statistical Regularity This law comes from the

mathematical theory of probability. According to King, Law of
Statistical Regularity says that a moderately large number of the
items chosen at random from the large group are almost sure on
the average to possess the features of the large group.
According to this law the units of the sample must be selected at
random.
Law of Inertia of Large Numbers According to this law, the
other things being equal the larger the size of the sample; the
more accurate the results are likely to be.

Process
The sampling process comprises several stages:
o Defining the population of concern
o Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure
o Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame
o Determining the sample size
o Implementing the sampling plan
o Sampling and data collecting
o Reviewing the sampling process

Sampling
Sampling methods can be split into two distinct groups:
1.

Probability samples

2.

Non-probability samples

01. Probability Samples

Probability samples offer each respondent an equal
probability or chance at being included in the sample.
They are considered to be:
Objective
Empirical
Scientific
Quantitative
Representative

02. Non Probability Samples

A non probability sample relies on the researcher selecting the

respondents.
They are considered to be:
Interpretive
Subjective
Not scientific
Qualitative
Unrepresentative

Probability Sampling Methods

Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling
Quota Random Sampling
Multi-Stage Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

This involves selecting anybody from the sample frame
entirely at random.
Random means that each person within the sample frame has
an equal chance of being selected.
In order to be random, a full list of everyone within a sample
frame is required.
Random number tables or a computer is then used to select
respondents at random from the list.

Systematic Random Sampling

In systematic random sampling, the researcher first randomly picks
the first item or subject from the population. Then, the researcher
will select each n'th subject from the list.
The procedure involved in systematic random sampling is very easy
and can be done manually. The results are representative of the
population unless certain characteristics of the population are
repeated for every n'th individual, which is highly unlikely.

Stratified Random Sampling

In some cases, a population may be viewed as comprising different

groups where elements in each group are similar to one another in
some way. In such cases, we may gain sampling precision (i.e., reduce
the variance of our estimators) as well as reduce the costs of the
survey by treating the different groups separately. If we consider
these groups, or strata, as separate subpopulations and draw a
separate random sample from each stratum and combine the results,
our sampling method is called stratified random sampling

Cluster Random Sampling

Cluster samplingis asamplingtechnique used when "natural" but
relatively homogeneous groupings are evident in astatistical
population. It is often used inmarketing research. In this
technique, the total population is divided into these groups (or
clusters) and asimple random sampleof the groups is selected.
Then the required information is collected from a simple random
sample of the elements within each selected group. This may be
done for every element in these groups or a subsample of
elements may be selected within each of these groups.

Advantages of Sampling Method

Reduce Cost :- It is cheaper to collect data from a part of the Whole
population and is economically in advance.
Greater speed :- Sampling gives more time in collection of data, so it is
quickly and has a lot of time for collection of inflammation.
Detailed Information : -Investigator during studyng a small universe
provides a detail and Comprehensive Information.
Practical Method :- Sampling is the only one practical method when the
population is Infinite.

Disadvantages of Sampling Method

Careful sampling Selection is difficult.
Experts are required for careful study of the universe.
If the informations is required for each and every unit in the
study then it is difficult to interview each and every person in
sampling method.

Bibliography
http://www.studylecturenotes.com/social-researchmethodology/advantages-disadvantages-of-sampling-method-of-datacollection.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_sampling
http://cs.fit.edu/~jpmcgee/classes/CSE5800/SamplingTechniques.pdf