1

AVIONICS-AE
2401
UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS
PREPARED BY
RAJARAJESWARI.M
MOHAMMED SATHAK ENG COLLEGE,
SYLLABUS 2

1. Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space

systems –
2. Integrated Avionic systems
3. Typical avionics sub systems
4. Design approaches and recemt advamces
5. Application technologies
 3

Introduction
Avionics Definition And Scheme, Major
Avionic Systems,
Types Of Aircrafts,
Avionic Companies,
Defiitions, And Various Flight Phases
Avionics 4

Onboard Avionics-
Flight Control Avionics, Cockpit avionics,
Communication and Navigation avionics, Cabin
Avionics and Auxiliary & power systems
Ground Avionics:
Air traffic Management Electronics (ATC)
5
 6

Avionic systems
Altimeter

1 2 3 4
Navigation Communication Flight Control Radar

2
A Pilot to
B Gnd Fly by
DME
light
Satellite Beacons
1
Pilot to Fly by wire
Passenger
Avionics = ? 7

 Equipments required for control, monitor, communicate,

navigate, weather, and anti-collision systems
 Equipments at the ground for the above-(ATC)
 A drive with 14 or 28 volt DC electrical systems
1. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS 8

1. Satellite-based systems for navigation

Eg.Global Position System
2. Ground-based systems for navigation
Eg.VOR-Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range
or LORAN- any combination thereof
Ground based Navigation 9

subsystem
1. VHF Omnirange- VOR for direction information to pilot
(108-118 MHz)
2. Automatic Direction Finder for advising the aircrew with
a relative bearing to a selected grond station with a
receiver on the aircraft
3. Instrument Landing system –ILS- a precision approach
system to the pilot on the Runway
4. DME- secondary radar with a ground beacon
NAVIGATION subsystem 10

1. AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER

using Beacons on the ground, shown on the
cockpit for Pilot
2. VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE-
VOR where phase difference between 2
modulated sine waves corresponding to the
actual bearing relative to true north
indicated on the VOR on the Cockpit
3. RADAR NAVIGATION using
Transponder at the aircraft.
MAJOR AVIONIC SYSTEMS 11

1. NAVIGATION SYSTEM-Ground based and

satellite based
2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-VHF
communication (Air band Rx) between Aircraft
to ATC
3. FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM-for
controlling the aircraft for stability, wind shear,
thunderstorm,
4. RADAR SYSTEM-DME, Altimeter,
Transponder for finding the distance to next stn,
height of the aircraft and the device at the
aircraft for precision landing thru Transponder
Landing system
Various Civilian Aircrafts 12

1. Boeing- (727, 737, 747, 757, 767), Seatle

2. Airbus-s (A300, A310, A318 to A321, A330, A340,
etc.),Toules-France
3. DC-3,DC-10 (Doughlas)-California
4. Dassault Falcons (Falcon 50, Falcon 900, Falcon 2000),
BOEING 767 AND AIRBUS 13

380

BOEING 767 AIRBUS 380

Avionic companies 14

1. Honeywell USA-Supplier of avionic systems

2. Bendix & King-USA- for MFD, GPS
3. Baker Electronics USA-PILOT audio systems
4. Rockwell Collins USA-aerospace & defense
communication
5. Thales France-aerospace & defense
6. Garmin-USA-GPS systems
7. Sagem-Avionic Recorders and Pilot components
Recording equipment for flight 15
parameters in Airbus and Boeing
Definitions 16

1. Course -the angle aircraft makes with a fixed reference

true north-0° being north, 90° being east
2. Heading-the direction of the aircraft's nose pointing ;
North- 0*, East – 90*, south -180* and west -270*
degrees
3. Track-the actual path followed by the aircraft from A to
B. In a given scheme
Various Flight Phases 17
Various Flight Phases 18

1. Pre fllight
2. Take off
3. Departure
4. Enroute
5. Descend
6. Approach
7. Landing
 19

1. Need for Avionics in

civil and military aircraft
and space systems
IN CIVIL, IN MILITARY, IN SPACE
Need for Civil AircraftS 20

1) For Flight Control – Computations and

flight surfaces control (PWM)
2) For Mission and Management computation
3) For Navigating the aircraft – full solution,
AHRS (Altitude and Head Reference
System)
4) For getting Air Data like altitude, outside
temp and pressure
5) For getting the magnetic field thru
Magnetometer
6) For various Payloads and Data-link Control
through extended I/O
Military Aircrafts 21

1. Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008)

2. B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber,“
3. F-22 Raptor
4. F-35 Lightning
5. F18 Super-cruice Aircraft
6. A10 Thunderbolt Jet
7. (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)
NEED FOR MILITARY 22
AIR CRAFTS
1. For Stealth technology- less visible to Radar,
IR, Sonar, and other detection means
2. For Super cruise,
3. For Reliability,
4. Availability
5. Need for growth capacity
6. Example: Integrated avionics system-the
solution
7. Eg.F22 (BY LOCKHEED MARTIN)
NEED FOR SPACECRAFTS 23

1. systems integration, multifunction control and display

units, data processing systems, adaptive antenna systems
2. human factors engineering and navigation systems.
3. Advanced fail-passive autopilot, flight director and display
processor into a single line-replaceable unit, significant
weight, size and reliability advantages are realized.
 24

Integrated
Avionic system
DEFINITION, FEATURES, WEAPON SYSTEM
Definition IMA 25

A real time Computer

Network Airborne
system( modular
architecture) consisting of
various computing modules,
with different criticality
levels
F22 –Integrated Modular Avionic- 26
IMA Suite (LOCKHEED MARTIN)
Basic features of IMA 27

1. A Dedicated Avionic System

2. Full Cockpit Control and Display System
3. Acoustic Warnings and tones to Crew
4. Autonomous Navigation system’
5. Full Plant Management feature
6. Monitoring and Diagnostic features.
Integrated Avionic System in 28
detail
1. A dedicated Avionic system controlling the Core Data Bus
2. Fully NVG compatible cockpit- Control and Display System (CDS)
allowing to display information and receive commands from the crew
3. Communication and Identification System (CIS) giving simultaneous
communication in clear and secure voice + acoustic warnings and
identification tones to the crew
4. Navigation System (NAS) generating guidance and navigation data by
means of autonomous and radio navigation systems (including Inertial
Reference System with GPS, Doppler Radar, Air Data System
5. Plant Management System (PMS) interfacing the vehicle sensors with
the Avionic System to acquire and process vehicle and avionics data
6. Monitoring and Diagnostic System (MDS) ensuring the interface of all
the vehicle sub-systems and equipment
Features of Integrated Avionic 29
System
 Advanced flight deck functionality,
 Improved situational awareness
 Increased system flexibility for business and
regional aircraft.
 Large liquid crystal flat panel displays
 Integrated Navigation (INAV™)
 Patented Graphical Flight Planning (GFP)
functionally allows for the quick and safe
modification of flight plans with the ability to
monitor weather, terrain, and air traffic.
F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite 30
(LOCKHEED MARTIN)
Integrated Avionic System 31

 Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain, airspace,

airways, airports, navigation aids
 Fully digital, integrated autopilot and auto throttle
Integrated flight management system
 Patented Graphical Flight Planning (GFP)
 Integrated Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning
System (EGPWS)
 Integrated communication management function
LCD flat panel displays enabling most aircraft ,
systems and navigation data onto a single Cockpit
Display
 Drop Down Menus & On-screen point and click
functionality
 Features of Integrated Avionic 32
system( F22 Avionics suite)
1. Very high-speed integrated circuit
(VHSIC) technology, common modules,
and high-speed data buses
2. Common Integrated Processor (CIP), a
central "brain" with the equivalent
computing throughput of two Cray
supercomputers; shared low-observable
antennas;
3. Long Rage Radar/APG-77 radar is the F-
22's primary sensor and is a long-range,
rapid-scan, and multi-functional system
 33

2. Avionic sub
systems
1.NAVIGATION (GPS, VOR),
2.COMMUNICATION, 3. FLIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEM (AUTO PILOT)
4. RADAR SUBSYSTEM
Avionic Subsystem 34

1. Navigation Subsystem (GPS-

Global Position system & VOR)
2. Communication subsystem
3. Flight control subsystem
4. RADAR subsystem-Radio
Detection and Ranging
 35

Avionic sub systems

Altimeter

1 2 3 4
Navigation Communication Flight Control Radar

2
A Pilot to
B Gnd Fly by
DME
light
Satellite Beacons
1
Pilot to Fly by wire
Passenger
1. NAVIGATION sub 36

SYSTEMS
1. Satellite-based systems for navigation
Eg.Global Position System
2. Ground-based systems for navigation
Eg.VOR-Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range
or LORAN- any combination thereof
Two types of Navigation Rules 37

1. VFR-Visual Flight Rules-

pilot by see and avoid
concept( small airports)
2. IFR-Instrument Flight
Rules-pilot by ILS
Ground Based Navigation-VOR 38

 Use VHF omni-range (VOR) radio beacons(108 to 118

Mhz) to guide aircraft safely to their destinations.
 Many Ground Stations on VHF use LOS
 Communication between Aircraft and ATC through VHF
Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz) with VOR fitted on the
Aircraft
 Ground Based System give heading when the aircraft
remains in the same track envelope
 39

Satellite Based
Navigation
system-GPS
 GPS by Garmin 40

GPS-400W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

            
GPS Measure 41

1. Precise Position of Aircraft in 3 Directions,

X,Y & Z in Degrees
2. Position of Aircraft in Dynamic time with
nanosecond accuracy
3. Velocity of the Aircraft through Doppler
Frequency
4. GPS calculates Aircraft position by timing
the signals sent by the GPS Satellites high
above the Earth
5. 3 satellites enough to fix aircrafts position
GPS Segments 42

GPS-3 segments;
1.Space segment (SS), 24 Satellites for Space
Segment orbiting the earth in 12 hours in 6
orbital planes at 60*
2.Control segment (CS) for Tracking the
satellites for its track and correcting the time for
each satellite
3.User segment by GPS receivers,receiving the
data for 4 parameters
3.Space Segment (12 Visible 43

Sat)
Advantages of Satellite Based 44
Navigation
1. Primarily Save Fuel Cost
2. Enable commercial aircraft flying under IFR
to fly directly to their destinations
3. Shorten virtually every commercial airline
route, safe fuel and time, increase the
amount of air traffic in the skies at any one
time, and reduce aircraft engine emissions
4. 40 percent drop in general aviation
accidents (by FAA)
GPS System 45

 Location of an object determined in respect to

its longitude and latitude coordinates by
signals from 24 Satellites in 6 Orbits,
transmitting consists of satellite position, time
and data on the basis
 Provides location of the Aircraft on the earth
with accuracy
 Provide visual navigation and normal object
guidance when it is impossible for pilot to
locate the destinations’ position due to bad
weather or at night
1a. Satellite based Navigation 46
(GPS)
GPS-400W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

            
Garmin GPS 47
 48

Ground based
Navigation
system
VOR, ADF, ILS, DME
Ground Based Navigation 49

systems
1. VOR for direction information to Pilot
2. ADF for giving relative bearing in Degrees to Pilot wrt to
a ground station
3. ILS for offering a precision landing system to Pilot on a
Glide Path
4. DME- a Secondary Radar Navigation system with a
Ground Beacon
2. Ground based Navigation 50

subsystems
1. VORVHF Omnirange- VOR working on VHF
frequency of 108-118 MHz
2. ADFAutomatic Direction Finder for advising
the aircrew with a relative bearing to a selected
ground station with a receiver on the aircraft
3. ILS:Instrument Landing system –ILS- a
precision approach system to the pilot on the
Runway
4. DME- secondary radar with a ground beacon
NAVAIDS 51

1. NDB- Non Directional

Beacons
2. DME- Distance Measuring
Equipment
3. ILS- Instrument Landing
System
 52

VOR
PRINCIPLE
Navigation (NAV) types 53

1. B-NAV=Basic-Track accuracy of ±5NM for at least 95%

of flight time for En Route navigation B -RNAV achieved
using inputs from VOR/DME, DME/DME
2. P-NAV=Precision-Track accuracy of ±1NM for at least
95% of flight with advanced functionality and a high
integrity navigation databases. P-RNAV capability
achieved using inputs from DME/DME
Definitions 54

1. Heading-direction expressed in Degrees

clockwise direction of the longitudinal axis
of the aircraft from north true, magnetic
north or the angle the nose of the aircraft
pointing
2. Track- track or course over ground, is the
actual path followed by the aircraft from A
to B
3. Crab Angle or Drift Angle: the angle
between heading and Track is called Drift
Angle
55
Definitions continued 56

4. Cone of Confusion:volume of airspace directly above a

VOR station where no signal is received, causing the CDI
to fluctuate.
5. Radial: the direction from the station to the aircraft in
degrees from magnetic north-called the Radial
VOR Freq. on NAV Radio 57
Principle 58

 VOR- Radio Beacons transmitting azimuth signals to

aircraft to NAV Radio for enabling Pilot to determine how
far he is from and to the Ground Beacon wrt. Magnetic
North regardless of Heading on VHF (line of sight
communication)
VOR-Ground Beacon Principle 59

1. A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts

sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft
2. Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the
station to the aircraft (direction from the
VOR station in relation to Earths North at
the time of installation)
3. Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER
(LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC
Converter
4. Used with other nav/comms
Why Ground Based System use 60
(108.1 - 117.95) MHz
1. Ground Based System use VHF thru LOS (line of
Sight)using 108.1- 117.95 MHz
2. Storms and other weather phenomena cause interference
3. 108.1 to 117.95 frequency- free from Static and
interference caused by storms or other weather
phenomena
OBI Indicator with CDI 61
VOR with Course Direction 62
Indicator
 . 63

Pilot tune the station desired and select the

mode of operation.Received signal amplified,
and converted to audible voice or morse
code transmission and powers the bearing
indicator.
Working 64

 VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 MHz

Amplitude modulated
 A Reference Phase 30 Hz signal FM
modulated at 9.9 KHz sub carrier compared
Rotating 30Hz AM signal thru an electronic
tunable antenna
 Phase angle between the two signal = to the
direction from the station to the aircraft, in
degrees from local magnetic north-called the
Radial
 VOR has Omni Bearing Radial OBR to set the
desired course
Display 65
VOR 66

1. Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D

2. A= Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0 to
360°indicating the VOR bearing as the reference to
fly TO or FROM; 345° radial away FROM the station
=aircraft is north of the Omni station
3. B=Omni Bearing Selector to manually rotate the
course card.
4. C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator This needle
swings left or right indicating the direction to turn to
return to course
5. D=The TO-FROM indicator This arrow will point up,
or towards the nose of the aircraft, when flying TO
the VOR station
VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL 67

RANGE
 To fly due west to reach the station Pilot wants to approach
the VOR station from due east
 OBS rotated the compass dial until the number 27 (270
degrees) aligns with the pointer (called the Primary Index)
at the top of the dial.
 When aircraft intercepts the 90-degree radial (due east of
the VOR station) the needle will be centered and the
To/From indicator will show "To".
 Note the pilot sets the VOR to indicate the reciprocal; the
aircraft will follow the 90-degree radial while the VOR
indicates that the course "to" the VOR station is 270
degrees.
Typical VOR 68
Collins VOR Indicator 69
4. Communication system 70

 Pilots receiving information in real time

 VHF Com Digital Links 118-137 MHz for 200 Miles at
low altitudes
 Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites
centralized over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic
Ocean-East, and Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudes
 71

Communication
2.Communication 72
Communication Types 73

1. Communication for Altitude, Speed & route by ATC to

Pilot before hand on VOR on 108 to 118 MHz
2. Communication by Pilot to ATC on Voice through FM
Transceiver on 119 to 140 MHz
3. Interphone
4. Cabin Communication
Air band radio 74
COMMUNICATION TYPES 75

1. Communications connecting the flight deck to the

ground, and the flight deck to the passengers
2. Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-band of 118.000
MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver)
3. On board communication for Public Address system to
the passengers and Aircraft intercom to the crew .
Air band radio Pilot to ATC 76

1. Communication system using AIR Band Receiver for

contacting ATC and fellow pilots.
2. 136.000 to 136.975 MHz used with 720 COMM channels

3. Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28 volt

Air band radio 77
Cockpit to cabin 78

communication
1. For take off and landing
2. Flight attendants receiving the notification from the Crew
for Turbulence
3. Cabin to Cockpit Communications on the quality of
service
Sterile Cockpit Regulation 79

 Regulations specifically prohibiting

crew members performance of non-
essential duties or activities while
the aircraft is involved in taxi,
takeoff, landing, and all other flight
operations conducted below 10,000
feet MSL
 Air band Receiver 80

•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

Radio Altimeter 81
 82

Flight Control
Systems & FMS
TYPES AND PRINCIPLE
Flight Control System 83

1. Means of automatically controlling flight

2. Auto-pilots used to control heading and altitude
3. Fly by wire and Fly by Light –two methods in Flight
Control system
4. Limited authority on thrust and flight control surfaces
AFC Parameters 84

1. Stabilization of the aircraft Angle and flight altitude

2. Return of the aircraft to a straight and level flight
path from any altitude
3. Programmed flight altitude, climb and descent
4. Control from ground and air direction posts
5. Self-guidance interface to the weapon control
systems
6. En-route flight, return to home airfield and landing
approach by radio beacon
Autopilot system 85

1. Automatic flight control system keeps an

aircraft in level flight or on a set course using
a flight computer
2. A mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system
used to guide a vehicle without assistance
from a Pilot for Attitude, Altitude, Airspeed
and Rate of Climb or descend rate
3. Autopilot system use Integrated processor
Flight computer System 86
Objective of Flight Management 87
System
 End-to-end flight planning
 Controlling the aircraft track to the accuracy
of three wing-widths and the time of arrival to
within 6 seconds anywhere in the flight plan.
 Navigation (integration of inertial, radio and
GPS sensors)
 Trajectory prediction/optimization
 Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch and thrust
commands)
 Electronic map interface (horizontal and
vertical flight plan display)
 88

Radar Subsystem
TYPES
Purpose 89

1. Providinvg Range,
2. Altitude,
3. Direction, or
4. Speed of aircraft
PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE 90
RADAR
RADAR-Types 91

1. PSR & SSR

2. DME
3. Transponders
4. Radio Altimeters
5. Special Military Radar
Types of Surveillance Radar 92

1. Primary Surveillance Radar PSR-reporting

Aircraft weather, flocks of birds, stationary
objects in the range of 80 NM; PSR-
transmitting radio pulses and listening for
and timing the reflections from the skin or
other metal components of aircraft
2. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
transmits an "interrogation beam" to an
airplane transponder- emitting a signal
when it is swept by the secondary radar.
SSR responding in range of 250 NM
Radar Stabilization 93

1. Maintaining a Radar Antenna Beam relative to

horizon using an aircraft's vertical gyro is called
Radar Stabilization
2. Purpose of radar stabilization- to maintain a
constant radar scan at desired tilt angle, level with
the Earth’s horizon during normal aircraft
operations and maneuvers.
PSR Provide 94

1. PSR provide aircraft bearing in azimuth from Ground

Station & distance of the target from Ground Station,
converted as a display to ATC
2. Target elevation (Altitude)- not provided by PSR
3. PSR a passive radar, no action done from the Aircraft
Secondary Surveillance Radar- 95
ASR9
SSR provide 96

1. Active Radar processing signals at the Aircraft through

Transponder, providing elevation details
2. Interrogated Coded signals are sent to the aircraft.
3. Transponder processes the signal and sent back to the Gnd
Station.
97
 BENDIX RADAR at ATC 98

<>

                                       Bendix RDR-150 Radar System (Recon.)

 99

Other ancilliary
systems
6. Traffic Collision Avoidance 10
0
Systems-TCAS
 A System to reduce mid-air collisions
between aircraft, monitoring the Air Space
around an Aircraft with a Transponder,
independent of ATC
 Working with a Transponder either at S or C
Band
 TCAS-equipped aircraft "interrogating with
all other aircraft in a determined range about
their position thru 1.030 GHz and all other
craft replying at 1.090 GHz
Traffic Collision Avoidance 10
1
Systems-TCAS
 To supplement air traffic control, most large
transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a
TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance
System), which can detect the location of nearby
aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a
midair collision.
 To help avoid collision with terrain, (CFIT)
aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity
warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter being
the key element in GPWS
TCAS 10
2
Collision Avoidance Systems 10
3

 For supplementing air traffic control, large

transport aircraft and many smaller ones using
a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision
Avoidance System),
 TCAS detect the location of nearby aircraft,
and provide instructions for avoiding a midair
collision.
 For avoiding collision with terrain, (CFIT)
aircraft use systems - ground-proximity
warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter
( the key element in GPWS)
TCAS (Honeywell) 10
4
TCAS-Honeywell 10
5

 Integrated Processor
 Capable of upgrading for higher surveillance
 Superior bearing accuracy,
 Improved reliability, and
 Advanced communication data-link
TCAS 10
6
Aircraft Networks 10
7

 Arinc 629-Commercial Aircraft (Boeing 777)

 MIL 1553- Military Aircraft
 MIL 1760-Military aircraft
Instrument Landing System for 10
8
Ground navigation
 10
9

COMMUNICAT
ION
2.COMMUNICATION 11
0

 HF 3 TO 30 MHZ used in HF BEACONS

 VHF-30 TO 300 MHZ used in vhf vor
 UHF-300 TO 900 MHz in Automatic Direction Finder and
Radio Altimeter
 MICROWAVE 1 GHZ TO 100 Ghz in Aircraft Radios and
in GPS
VHF communication between 11
1
Pilot and ATC
 11
2

FLIGHT
CONTROL
3. FLIGHT CONTROL 11
3
SYSTEM
1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in flight consisting
of connecting linkage by Mechanical, Hydraulic
Electronic (Analog ,Digital)
2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three-
dimensional wind velocity Causes of air disaster called
low level windshear. just above ground level.
Parameters for Control 11
4

1. Control for Heading and Thrust

2. Control for Pitch, Yaw for Air craft Control
3. Control for Rapid Changes in Wind Velocity
4. Control for Sudden Turbulence
5. Control on Poor Visibility
Types of Flight Control 11
5

 Analog Flight Control and Digital Flight Control

 Fly by Wire and Fly by Light-two types of Flight Control
Autopilot Scheme 11
6

 All Take off- by manual

 Autopilots engaged 100 feet above the ground, but usually
waited a few minutes after takeoff.\
 For landing, autopilot disengaged and “hand fly” at 1,000
feet above the runway on approach
 But if poor visibility, Autopilot engaged.
Various Flight Control Schemes 11
7
( Honeywel-USA)
 Boeing 737-providing control and guidance in the pitch and
roll axes, and performs warning functions, and automatic
pitch trim.
 Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an integrated
automatic pilot/flight director (A/P - F/D) system in which
the system computers are used for autopilot and flight
director functions.
Drivers for Avionics in Civil 11
8
Transport Aircrafts
1. GPS Technology
2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation equipment-a
potential breakthrough in air traffic management
3. integration of satellite positioning with digital map
displays simplifies navigation
4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure like LORAN-C,
DECCA and maritime radio and visual beacons.
4. DESIGN 11
9

APPROACH
AND RECENT
ADVANCES
MAJOR DRIVERS
Survivability and Vulnerability 12
0

 A quantified ability of a system, subsystem,

equipment, process, or procedure to continue
to function during and after a natural or man-
made disturbance
 Ability of a system to minimize the finite
duration disturbance on value Delivery
 Vulnerability-Susceptibility for attack or
occurrence of a weakness.
 Survivability approached in terms of reducing
susceptibility & vulnerability
 Lower the Vulneranability higher the
Survivability
Design of Technologies & 12
1
drivers
 Designing a software algorithm to decode a
simplified version of a Navstar GPS signal
 High Performance, power-optimized RISC CPUs
 VHF fixed, mobile and hand portable, Non-
Directional beacons, Air to ground Radios and
Marine radio equipments
 Design of a sequential state machine for an
Aircraft Data Bus Remote Terminal interface,
specification, state assignment, logic design,
implementation, and test.
1.DESIGN FOR (ANTENNA) 12
2
DEVELOPMENT
1. Investigating RF-Front-End and Antenna technologies
relevant to the avionic Satcom terminal to assess and
evaluate their applicability as well as to highlight their
advantages/disadvantages
2. Tackling the Use of combined antenna for Iris and other
services and position of antenna(s) for optimum
performance.
3. Redundancy aspects, in particular with respect to multiple
antennas\
4. RF Diplexer is a cost-driver for Satcom avionics, analysis
of the feasibility to cost-reduce the diplexer and its
subsequent impact on the satellite communication system
design.
5. Feasibility and use of advanced power amplifiers as a
performance improvement enabler.
2. Avionic Design interface 12
3
Protocol Converter
1. Introducing the first PMC Universal
Avionics Digital Interface (PMC-UADI), a
plug-and-run device using a powerful 16-bit
Flash RISC, low-power microcontroller
supporting MIL-STD-1553 dual redundant
interface, ARINC 708/453,
2. Use drivers such as C libraries, DLLs,
Windows, and Linux
3. Features include error injection-detection,
sub-address selection, major/minor cycle
frame, long loop test, class A/B, and so
forth.
2.Protocol Converter 12
4
Avionics systems design 12
5

 Navigation system design

 Flight management systems Design
 Communication system Design
 And Surveillance systems Design
 Cockpit environment design-Drivers -inertial
navigation avionics and GNSS systems,
global navigation satellite systems, airborne
instrumentation, avionics data buses,
architecture and integration and radio systems.
Avionics System Engineering 12
6
Tasks & Programs
 Tasks-Life cycle models, Reliability, Safety assessment and
Certification
 Programs- flight controls, weapon controls, engine and
power controls, communication, acoustics and navigation
systems, including both military and commercial system
lifecycle standards.
Performance Tasks 12
7

 Aircraft performance
 Stability and control systems
 Mathematical formulae for calculating cost and weight
relationship
 To achieve mission and trajectory optimisation, traffic
collision detection and avoidance, UAV see-and-avoid
capability.
5. 12
8

APPLICATION
TECHNOLOGI
ES
Technology applications 12
9

1. Using Integrated modular Technology

2. Use Traffic Collision Avoidance System to provent
collisions
3. Use Large Dynamic MOS for higher power applications
4. Use Mobile Adlhoc network for avionics
5. Using Ka band in Transceivers
6. Use Intel Trigate Processor for heat dissipation problems
in flight computer