NOISE

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 1

 Topics to be covered
Noise
1. Sources of noise
2. External noise
3. Internal noise
4. Noise calculation

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 2

 Noise –similar terms
 Noise
 Attenuation
 Distortion
 Interference

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 3

 Noise -Introduction
• Noise is an electronic signal that gets
added to a radio or information signal as it
is transmitted from one place to another.
• Noise is a general term which is used to
describe an unwanted signal which affects
a wanted signal.
• Unwanted signal that interfere with desired
signal.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 4

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 5
 Noise

External noise Internal noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 6

 Sources of Noise
Types
1)External Noise:
 Noise generated by external factors of the system.
 External noise is noise introduced in the transmission
channel.
2)Internal Noise:
 Noise is generated by internal circuit of system.
 Internal noise is noise introduced inside the receiver
itself

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 7

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 8
 External noise
1. Atmospheric noise(Static noise)
2. Extraterrestrial noise (solar and cosmic)
3. Industrial noise(Man made noise)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 9

 External noise
1. Atmospheric noise(Static noise)
2. Extraterrestrial noise (solar and cosmic)
3. Industrial noise(Man made noise)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 10

 1)Atmospheric noise
• Atmospheric noise is due to naturally occurring
disturbances in earth’s atmosphere such as lightening
(< 30 MHz).
 Noise is generated from lightening and thundering.
 Due to this, Electrical signal that generates the harmonic
energy from sky which affect the desired signal.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 11

 External noise
1. Atmospheric noise(Static noise)
2. Extraterrestrial noise (solar and cosmic)
3. Industrial noise(Man made noise)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 12

 2) Extraterrestrial Noise

Solar noise Cosmic noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 13

 2)Extraterrestrial noise
Extraterrestrial noise is electrical noise due to solar and cosmic activity
(10-1500 MHz).
i) Solar Noise
Primary source is sun.
Noise is produced by sun,vary with time.
Solar Noise: Ionised gases of SUN produce a wide range of
frequencies as well.
ii) Cosmic Noise
Generated by Stars,which affect the signal whose freq-range from
15MHz-150MHz.
Distant stars radiate intense level of noise at frequencies that
penetrate the earth’s atmosphere.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 14

 External noise
1. Atmospheric noise(Static noise)
2. Extraterrestrial noise (solar and cosmic)
3. Industrial noise(Man made noise)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 15

 3)Industrial noise(Man made noise)

• Internal Noise is an important type of

noise that arises from the
SPONTANEOUS FLUCTUATIONS of
Current or Voltage in Electrical Circuits.
• Industrial noise is caused by human made
electrical sources (motors, generators &
industrial euipments).
19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 16
 Internal Noise

Thermal Noise Semiconductor Noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 17

 Internal Noise
Electronic components in a receiver
such as resistors, diodes, and
transistors are major sources of
internal noise.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 18

 Internal noise
1) Thermal noise
2) Semiconductor noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 19

 Internal Noise

Thermal Noise Semiconductor Noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 20

 1)Thermal Noise
• Thermal noise is caused by random motion of
free electrons and vibrating ions in a conductor.
• The noise power generated by a resistor is given
by:
Pn  kTB
Pn  noise power
k  Boltzmann's constant(1.38x10 )
- 23

T  absolute temperature
19.08.20
B  bandwidthKNCET
of -system
FDTP 21
 Thermal noise
• Thermal noise is proportional to
temperature.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 22

 Thermal noise voltage
• The noise voltage produced by a resistor
R over a bandwidth B can be calculated

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 23

 Internal Noise

Thermal Noise Semiconductor Noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 24

 2)Semiconductor noise
The other major category of internal noise
originates from semiconductor devices such
as diodes and transistors.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 25

 Semiconductor noise
1) Shot noise
2) Transit-time noise
3) Flicker noise
4) Partition noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 26

 Semiconductor noise
1) Shot noise
2) Transit-time noise
3) Flicker noise
4) Partition noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 27

 1)Shot noise
• Shot noise, the largest contributor to transistor noise, is due to the
random paths of the current carriers flowing in semiconductors.
• Shot Noise arises in Electronic Components like Diodes and
Transistors.

• Due to the discrete nature of Current flow In these components.

• Take an example of Photodiode circuit.

• Photodiode emits electrons from the cathode when light falls on it.

• The circuit generates a current pulse when an electron is emitted.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 28

 Semiconductor noise
1) Shot noise
2) Transit-time noise
3) Flicker noise
4) Partition noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 29

 2)Transit-time noise
• Transit-time noise occurs at high frequencies when
“transit time” of charge carriers crossing the
semiconductor’s junction approaches the signal’s
period.
• This type noise increases rapidly when operating
above the device’s high-frequency cutoff.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 30

 Semiconductor noise
1) Shot noise
2) Transit-time noise
3) Flicker noise
4) Partition noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 31

 3)Flicker Noise
 It appears below frequency of few Hz.
 As frequency decreases, Noise Increases.
 Noise=1/f
 Flicker noise results from minute variations inresistance
in semiconductor material.
 Flicker noise is inversely proportional to frequency and
sometimes referred to as 1/f.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 32

 3)Flicker noise
• Flicker noise is also found in resistors and
conductors.
• Flicker noise for various types of resistors.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 33

 Semiconductor noise
1) Shot noise
2) Transit-time noise
3) Flicker noise
4) Partition noise

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 34

 4)Partition Noise
• Due to random fluctuations in the division
of current into 2 or more paths in a ckt.
• In a transistor Emiiter-Base,Base-Collector
Produced heavily the noise.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 35

Noise calculation

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 36

 Noise calculation
• No system can be designed perfectly free
of noise and noise plays important part in
telecommunication.
• Noise calculation is necessary to
determine and reduce noise in a system.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 37

 Noise Parameters
• Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)
• Noise factor(F)
•Noise Figure(NF)
•Effective noise temperature(Te)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 38

 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (S/N or SNR)

• Signal-to-noise power ratio (S/N) is the ratio of the signal

power level to the noise power.

A SNR of zero dB means that ,

noise power = signal power.
19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 39
 Example
Question:For an amplifier with an output signal
power of 10 W and an output noise power of
0.01W, determine the S/N.
Given Data:
output signal power =10W
output noise power =0.01W
Solution:

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 40

 SNR

SNR = 10 Log (Vs/VN)2

SNR = 20 Log (Vs/VN)

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 41

 Measuring noise
 To quantify the effect of noise on a signal, we
use the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio or SNR.
 A strong signal and weak noise => high SNR
 A weak signal and strong noise =>Low SNR

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 42

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 43
 Signal-to-noise ratio
• Signal to noise ratio can be expressed in
terms of voltage or power.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 44

 Figures of merit
• Noise factor and noise Figure are figures
of merit to indicate how much a signal
gets weak when it pass through a circuit or
a series of circuits.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 45

 Noise factor(F)
• Noise Factor (F) : It is a measure of
How Noisy A Device Is
• The noise factor is the ratio of the S/N
power at the input to the S/N power at the
output.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 46

 Noise factor(F)

S i : input signal power

N i : input noise power

S o : output signal power

N 0 : output noise power

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 47

 Noise figure(NF)
The noise factor is expressed in
decibels, it is called the noise figure.

For perfect noiseless circuit,

F= 1,
NF= 0 dB

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 48

Noise effect on a receiver’s first and second
amplifier stages

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 49

Noise Figure of Cascaded stage
Amplifiers
• When two or more amplifiers are
cascaded as shown in Figure the total
noise factor is the accumulation of the
individual noise factors.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 50

Noise Figure of Cascaded stage
Amplifiers
• Friiss’ formula is used to calculate the total
noise factor of several cascaded amplifiers.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 51

• Mathematically, Friiss formula is

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 52

 Example
Question:For three cascaded amplifier stages,
each with noise figures of 3 dB and power gains of
10 dB, determine the total noise figure.

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 53

 Solution

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 54

 Effective noise temperature
N
T
KB
T = environmental temperature (Kelvin)
N = noise power (watts)
K = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 10 -23 J/K)
B = total noise factor (hertz)
Te
Te  T  F  1 F  1
T
•Te = equivalent noise temperature
•F = noise factor (unitless)
19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 55
 Thank You

19.08.20 KNCET - FDTP 56