Noise and Data Transmission

Dr Lubobya, SC

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 Outline
• Introduction
• Elements of digital communication
• Noise definition
• Noise categories
o External
o Internal
• signal to noise ratio, noise factor and noise figure
• References
• Tutorial
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 Introduction
• We briefly discuss the digital data
communication system
• Noise in both analogue and digital
communication systems

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 Elements of Digital Data System

Fig.1: Block diagram of a digital data system. (a) Transmitter.

(b) Receiver.

Principles of Communications, 5/E by Rodger Ziemer and William Tranter

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

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 Elements of Digital Data System
• ADC- converts analogue signal to digital.
• Encoder-process of putting a sequence of
characters (letters, numbers, punctuation, and
certain symbols) into a specialized format for
efficient transmission or storage.
• Decoder- is the opposite process -- the
conversion of an encoded format back into
the original sequence of characters.

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 Elements of Digital Data System
• Modulator- adding of a carrier to the message
for the purpose of long distance transmission
• Demodulator- removing of the carrier at the
receiver end.

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 Noise
• Define as an unwanted signals within the
wanted signal

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 Classification of Noise
• Noise can be classified as external and internal

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 External noise
• Noise created outside the reciever
• Examples:
– Atmospheric
– Extra-terrestrial
– industrial

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 Atmospheric noise
• Caused by lightening discharge in
thunderstorm and other natural electrical
disturbances.
• They affect a wide spectrum due to its random
nature
• This noise becomes when operated in the VHF
(30MHz) or above

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 Extra-terrestrial noise
• Solor noise is noise from the sun. it can have a
temperature exceeding 6000 degree and a
such temperature it radiates energy with
some noise.
• Cosmic is noise from the stars

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 Industrial noise
• Noise from cars, aircrafts, industrial machines,
etc.
• It can range from 1 to 600MHz
• This noise can affect the transmitted base
band signals.

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 Internal noise
• Noise generated inside transmitters, receivers
and communication cables
• It’s a function of so many factors such as
resistance, bandwidth and temperature.
• Far more disturbing is the thermal noise.

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 Crosstalk
• Crosstalk it is an unwanted coupling between
signal paths.
• It can occur by electrical coupling between
nearby twisted pairs
• experienced by anyone who, while using the
telephone, has been able to hear another
conversation.

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 Impulse noise
• Non-continuous noise consisting of irregular
pulses or noise spikes of short duration and of
relatively high amplitude.
• It is generated from a variety of causes:
– external electromagnetic disturbances, such as
lightning
– faults and flaws in the communications system.
• Impulse noise is generally only a minor
annoyance for analog data.
• However, impulse noise is the primary source of
error in digital data
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 Intermodulation Noise.
• Noise due to signals of different frequencies
sharing the same transmission medium,
• The effect of intermodulation noise is to
produce signals at a frequency that is the sum
or difference of the two original
• This derived signal could interfere with an
intended signal at the frequency

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 Noise figure
• Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at the I/P to S/N at
the O/P
• Noise figure: F = (S/N)in / (S/N)out
• F is a direct measure of the S/N ratio
degradation caused by the system.

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 Noise factor
• Noise figure expressed in decibels
• NF=10log F

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 Signal Attenuation

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 Noise categories
• Noise may be divided into many categories:
– Thermal noise
– Inter-modulation noise
– Crosstalk
– Impulse noise

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 Crosstalk
• Crosstalk it is an unwanted coupling between
signal paths.
• It can occur by electrical coupling between
nearby twisted pairs
• experienced by anyone who, while using the
telephone, has been able to hear another
conversation.

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 Impulse noise
• Non-continuous noise consisting of irregular
pulses or noise spikes of short duration and of
relatively high amplitude.
• It is generated from a variety of causes:
– external electromagnetic disturbances, such as
lightning
– faults and flaws in the communications system.
• Impulse noise is generally only a minor
annoyance for analog data.
• However, impulse noise is the primary source of
error in digital data
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 Intermodulation Noise.
• Noise due to signals of different frequencies
sharing the same transmission medium,
• The effect of intermodulation noise is to
produce signals at a frequency that is the sum
or difference of the two original
• This derived signal could interfere with an
intended signal at the frequency

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 Thermal noise
• Thermal noise is due to thermal agitation of
electrons.
• It is present in:
– all electronic devices and
– transmission media
• It is a function of temperature.

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 Thermal noise
• Thermal noise power:

Pn  kTB..............(1)
• Where:
PT is the noise power in watts
B is the bandwidth in Hz
T is the temperature in kelvins
23
k is Boltzmann’s constant 1.38  10
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 Thermal noise
• Thermal noise is therefore:
2
V
Pn  n
R
2
Vn  Pn R
Vn  Pn R
Vn  4kTBR ......................(2)

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 Shot noise
• noise due to random fluctuations in electron
emission from cathodes in vacuum tubes.
• It also occurs in semiconductors due to the
liberation of charge carriers.

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 Shot noise
• For semicoductors shot noise is given by:

in  
2 I dc  2 I o Bq 
Where:
I dc is the dc PN junction current
I o is the reverse satuaration current
q Is the electron charge equal to 1.6  10 19
B Is the effective noise bandwidth in Hz

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 Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N)
• Defined as the ratio of signal power to the
noise power
• It can also be expressed in decibels:
– 10log ps/pn

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 Noise figure
• Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at the I/P to S/N at
the O/P
• Noise figure: F = (S/N)in / (S/N)out
• F is a direct measure of the S/N ratio
degradation caused by the system.

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 Noise factor
• Noise figure expressed in decibels
• NF=10log F

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 Signal Attenuation
• Assignment 2

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 Reference
[1] William Stallings, 2010, “Data and Computer
Communications, 9th Edition”, Pearson, ISBN-
10:0132172178 or ISBN-13: 978-0132172172.
[2] Michael P. Fitz, 2007, "Fundamentals of
Communication Systems, 1st Edition”, McGraw-
Hill Professional, ISBN-10: 0071482806 or ISBN-
13: 978- 0071482806.
[3] John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi , 2013,
“Fundamentals of Communication Systems, 2nd
Edition”, Prentice Hall, ISBN-10: 0133354857 or
ISBN-13: 978- 0133354850

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 Tutorial
Question one
a) With the aid of a block diagram, explain the
digital communication system.
b)briefly explain any four categories of noise
c) Given a receiver with an effective noise
temperature of 294 K and a 10-MHz bandwidth.
If the effective resistance of the receiver is 100
ohms, calculate:
i. The noise power
ii. The noise voltage

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 Tutorial
Question two
a)Define shot noise.
b)Given a receiver with an effective noise
bandwidth of 12MHz. If the dc PN junction
current is 5 miro amps and the reverse
saturation current is 12 pico amps, calculate:
i. The shot noise currents
ii. The noise power if the thermal noise voltege is
6micovolts

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