Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,

Toxicology and Epidemiology

Health
Principles of Toxicology
Human Routes of Effects of
Control of and
Anatomy Entry Chemicals in
Chemicals Epidemiology
Workplace

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology

Overview
Principles of Control of
Chemicals

Chemicals Asbestos

ILO Chemicals Con ILO Chemicals Rec ILO Asbestos Conv ILO Asbestos Reco
vention C170 ommendation R17 ention C162 mmendation R172
7

Click link to go to ILO website for more information

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
• Ensure that chemicals used are evaluated to
determine hazards.
• Enabling employers to obtain information about the
ILO Chemicals Co chemicals from suppliers and manufacturers.
nvention C170 • Providing workers with the information of chemicals.
• Ensuring safe use of chemicals.

• Classifying chemicals based on their properties.

• Responsibilities of Manufacturers and Suppliers,
Employers
ILO Chemicals Rec • Rights and Responsibilities of Workers
ommendation R1
77

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
• Implemented in 1986 to reduce the risk of workers to
being exposed to asbestos.
• National laws should be established to regulate
ILO Asbestos Con worker’s exposure to asbestos.
vention C162

• Substitution of asbestos with a less-harmful substance.

• Prohibition the use of asbestos.
• Exposure limit to be established by competent personnel, and
usage of PPE wherever necessary.
ILO Asbestos Rec • Demolition work with buildings containing asbestos to be done
ommendation R1 only be competent and authorised personnel.
72 • Health surveillance for workers exposed to asbestos

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Circulatory Nervous
System System

Digestive
System Skin

Human
Respiratory
System Anatomical Eye
System

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Respiratory System
• Consisting of the lungs that
exchanges oxygen-rich air
with oxygen-depleted air for
the body.

Credits :
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wEpTtBO4pCs/UnJoRAz3T7I/AAAAAAAADwU/03UZcbZfP5o/s1600/respiratory-system.jpg
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Digestive System
• The digestive system is
responsible for breaking down
food that is consumed.

Credits :
http://healthfavo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/digestive-system-for-kids.png
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Circulatory System
• The circulatory system is
responsible for the supply
of oxygen and nutrition and
also the removal of waste
throughout the body via the
blood vessels.

Credits :
http://3jbiology.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/6/3/3963748/8512719_orig.jpg?376
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Nervous System
• The central nervous system
consists of the brain and the
spinal cord. This system
transmits neurons that sends
signals to the rest of the
body via the peripheral
nervous system.

Credits :
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/images/8679.jpg
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Skin
• The skin provides an outer
layer of protection from
external objects that may
enter the body.
• The skin is impermeable to
water but certain solutions
such as organic solvents may
be absorbed by the skin.

Credits :
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Anatomy_The_Skin_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Eye
• The eye is allows us to see by
allowing light rays to enter
the eye.
• Light passes through the
cornea which then strikes the
retina, where it generates
the image and sends it to the
brain via electric impulses.

Credits :
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/db/37/59/db3759f7fb163cbd6b429094db9f42e1.jpg
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Consuming of harmful
Routes of Entry Breathing of
substances inhalable /
respirable dust

Absorption of organic solvents. Can occur via injection.

Credits :
http://www.pan-uk.org/pan/images/stories/exposure.jpg
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology

Credits :
RRC NEBOSH International Diploma Notes Unit IB1
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Defence Responses
• Innate (Non-Specific) Immune Response
Specialised white blood cells, e.g. macrophages
Inflammation response
• Adaptive (Acquired) Immune Response
A formed memory of a specific invader. Takes
some time to develop but very effective once
acquired.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Health Effects of Chemicals
In the Workplace
Globally Harmonised System of Classification
and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
• Implemented by the United Nations (UN)
• Aims to standardise the laws governing the
classification and labeling of chemicals
globally with the principle:
“one chemical – one label, worldwide”
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
GHS Assessment of Chemicals

Deciding whether
Identification of
Review of to classify said
hazards from
hazards chemical as
chemicals
hazardous

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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology

Credits :
http://www.roemerind.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/GHSLabels.jpg
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Local Effects
• Effects confined to a single area
of the body such as the skin,
respiratory tract, eyes.
Local Systemic Systemic Effects
Effects Effects • Effects occurring at a organ or
area distant away from the point
Health
Effects of contact, such as carbon
monoxide inhalation poisoning
the blood system.
• Target Organs / Systems - Areas
where symptoms of exposure
appear.
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Very Toxic
• Produces serious, acute, chronic
ill-health or death in very small Very
Toxic
doses.
Toxic
• Produces serious, acute, chronic
Health
ill-health or death in small Hazard
doses. Classes

Harmful Harmful Toxic

• Produces serious, acute, chronic
ill-health or death in larger
doses.
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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Self Study
List of Hazards covered in the NEBOSH Diploma Program

Trichloroethylene Asbestos Isocyanates Siliceous Dusy

Corrosive and Sensitising

Lead Sulphuric Acid
Irritant Chemicals Chemicals

Germ Cell
Carcinogenic Toxic to Dermatitic
Mutagenic
Chemicals Reproduction Hazards
Chemicals

Specific Target Aspiration

Organ Toxicity Hazards

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Toxicology Epidemiology
• The study of adverse • The study of patterns
effects of chemicals of ill-health in
on living organisms populations.
and the symptoms,
mechanisms,
detection and
treatment of those
effects.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Testing New Chemicals

Generate new
information or propose
Gather together any Identify what actual further testing for filling
Identify any information those gaps.
existing available about information is required to
gaps.
the substance. be submitted. Information should be
shared to prevent
duplication

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Toxicological Testing For
Skin Reproductive
Toxicity Sensitisation Mutagenicity Carcinogenicity Toxicity
• Acute Toxicity • Potential • Potential for • Potential for • Effect of
short term contact genetic damage tumour growth substance to
exposure dermatitis from lifetime embryonic
• Fixed Dose exposure to growth
Acute Toxicity animals
5/50/300/2000
mg/kg
observable over
14 days
• Repeated Dose
28 days
• Sub chronic
Repeated Dose
90 days
• Chronic Toxicity
long term
exposure

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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
• Amount of toxic
substances subjected to
Dose amount of body weight of
specimen.

• Effect due to being

administered with
Response substance.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
The Dose/Response
Relationship Curve
• The relationship between
the size of the dose and
extent of the
pharmacological
response.

Credits :
http://toxicology.usu.edu/660/html/mortality.JPG

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
Lethal Dose 50% - LD50
• A point where the
amount of dose causes
50% mortality.
• Might not be accurate as
results may vary from LD50
different organisms.

Credits :
http://toxicology.usu.edu/660/html/mortality.JPG

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
Lethal Concentration 50% -
LC50
• A point where the
amount of dose causes
50% mortality from
inhalation of an aerosol. LC50
• Might not be accurate as
results may vary from Concentration

different organisms. Credits :

http://toxicology.usu.edu/660/html/mortality.JPG

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
The Dose/Response Relationship
• Used as a rough guide to
relative toxicity.
• Useful in determining the
threshold dose where no effect
is measurable.
• Also known as No Observed
Adversed Effect Level (NOAEL).
• Important for setting
Credits :
Occupational Exposure Limits http://toxicology.usu.edu/660/html/mortality.JPG
(OELs).
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Dose/Response Relationship
The Dose/Response
Relationship
• Not as accurate for testing of
carcinogenic effects and
potential.
• As possible to assign a value
of dose, therefore, relying on
calculated estimation.
Credits :
http://toxicology.usu.edu/660/html/mortality.JPG

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Animal Testing

Limitations
Does not take
lifestyle factors
Responses Studies may into
between take a long consideration,
animals are not time and such as Ethics
the same. expensive. smoking and
consuming
alcohol.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Alternative Testing
• Using of Ames Test
In Vitro
to identify mutagens

Alternative Testing
Methods
• Relationships between
Structure molecular structure
Activity and biological and
Relationships physicochemical
activity of chemicals

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Human Epidemiology and
Workplace Health Surveillance
Toxicology Recap Epidemiology
• The study of adverse • The study of patterns
effects of chemicals on of ill-health in
living organisms and populations.
the symptoms,
mechanisms, detection
and treatment of those
effects.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Aims of Epidemiology
• Describe the distribution and magnitude of
health and disease problems in human
population.
• Identify risk factors of a disease.
• Provide data from the population essential to
prevention and controlling of diseases

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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology

Study of Data

Application Frequency

Components
of
Human
Epidemiology
Distribution
Population

Diseases and Determinants

other health
related events (Factors)

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology

Designs of Epidemiology

Case-Control Prospective Retrospective

Study Cohort Study Cohort Study

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 Credits :
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Explaini
ngCaseControlSJW.jpg

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Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Case-Control Study

Credits :
http://howmed.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Case-c
ontrol-studies-1.jpg

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Prospective VS Retrospective Cohort Study

Credits :
http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP71
3_AnalyticOverview/Tip4.jpg

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Limitations of Epidemiology
1. “Healthy Worker” Effect
 Control group has a different health status compared with the
case to be studied.
2. Poor response rate, which leads to poor sample size and
statistical significance.
3. A high turnover of study populations.
4. Latency period between exposure and effect is longer than
study period.
5. Poor quality of health affects data and/or exposure data.
6. No effect of exposure noted due to small population.
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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Health Surveillance of a Workforce
• Using Epidemiology studies, recognised by
GHS and required in certain national laws.
• When/Where employees are exposed to
specified substances linked to an adverse
effects to health.

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 Unit IB1 : Principles of Chemical Control,
Toxicology and Epidemiology
Health Surveillance of a Workforce
• Components of a Health Surveillance:
1. Examination by a doctor or trained nurse
2. Regular checks, sight, skin, hearing.
3. Questionnaires about health difficulties.
4. Health record to be kept for a significant number
of years (>40 years) so that it is available for use
when necessary.

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