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Structural Design of Buildings II Design of Connections
Structural Design of Buildings II Design of Connections
Buildings II
Design of Connections
Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
68402/61420 Slide # 1
Bolted Connections
Types of Connections
Simple Bolted Shear Connections
Simple Welded Connections
68402/61420 Slide # 2
Types of Connections
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections
Bearing Type
68402/61420 Slide # 3
Types of Connections
68402/61420 Slide # 4
Simple Bolted Connections
There are different types of bolted connections.
They can be categorized based on the type of
loading.
• Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the
bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.
68402/61420 Slide # 5
Simple Bolted Connections
P P
Tension member
Connection/ splice
P P
Beam end
Simple shear connection
68402/61420 Slide # 6
Simple Bolted Connections
P P
68402/61420 Slide # 8
Bolt Types & Materials
A307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts
low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa,
for light structures under static load
A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium
carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa,
for structural joints
A490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and
Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 MPa
for structural joints
A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 ½”,
anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs
68402/61420 Slide # 9
Common Bolts
ASTM A307 bolts
Common bolts are no longer common for current structural
design but are still available
Pu Rn 0.75
Rn f v Abolt
f v 165 MPa
68402/61420 Slide # 10
High Strength Bolts
High strength bolts (HSB) are available
as ASTM A 325 and ASTM A490
Bolt
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Washer
Slip Critical
Nut
Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts Bearing Type
Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 cheaper connection!
Smaller workman force required compared to 307
Higher fatigue strength
Ease of bolt removal changing connection
68402/61420 Slide # 11
High Strength Bolts
Snug tight
• All plies of the connection are in firm contact to
each other: No pretension is used.
• Easer to install and to inspect
Pre-tensioned Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com
68402/61420 Slide # 12
HSB – Bearing Type Connections
The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows
Pu Rn 0.75
The table bellow shows the values of fv (MPa) for different types of bolts
68402/61420 Slide # 14
Failure Modes of Bolted
Connections
Bolt Shearing
Tension Fracture
Plate Bearing
Block Shear
68402/61420 Slide # 15
Actions on Bolt
Shear, bearing, bending
P P
P
P Bearing and single plane Shear
Lap Joint
P P
Bending
Double shear
P/2
PDouble Shear 2 f v Abolt P
P/2
68402/61420 Slide # 17
Bolted Shear Connections
Shear failure of bolts
• Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)
68402/61420 Slide # 18
Bolted Shear Connections
68402/61420 Slide # 19
Bolted Shear Connections
Failure of connected member
• We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members
• Member can fail due to tension fracture or yielding.
Rn = 2 x 0.6 Fu Lc t = 1.2 Fu Lc t
68402/61420 Slide # 21
Bolted Shear Connections
• The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in
the connected metal
PBearing f p d bolt t
• The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as “shear
Pu Rend
tear-out” at the connection n
0.75
Lc
Rn 1.2 Lc t Fu 2.4 d t Fu Lc
68402/61420 Slide # 23
Bolted Shear Connections
68402/61420 Slide # 24
Spacing and Edge-distance
requirements
The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to
avoid tear out shear
h
Lc Le AISC Table J3.4
2 Le
h is the hole diameter h d bolt 1.6 mm
Le S
NOTE: The actual hole diameter is 1.6 mm bigger than the bolt,
we use another 1.6 mm for tolerance when we calculate net area. Here use 1.6 mm only not 3.2
Edge Distance
Values in Table J3.4M ≤ Edge Distance ≤ 12t or 152 mm
(LRFD J3.4) (LRFD J3.5)
d - bolt diameter
t - thickness of thinner plate
68402/61420 Slide # 26
Bolted Shear Connections
• To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is
placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the
fracture stress times the projected bearing area
Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t
yp
• If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a
concern then C = 2.4
• C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm.
• Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is Rn
• Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the
bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the
material
68402/61420 Slide # 27
Bolted Shear Connections
• This relationship can be simplified as follows:
The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 L c t Fu > 2.4 db t Fu
i.e., the upper limit will become effective when L c > 2 db
If Lc < 2 db, Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
If Lc > 2 db, Rn = 2.4 db t Fu
68402/61420 Slide # 28
Important Notes
Lc – Clear distance
68402/61420 Slide # 29
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally.
T/n T/n
T T/n T/n
T
T/n T/n
68402/61420 Slide # 30
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
In a bolted shear connection, the bolts are subjected to
shear and the connecting/connected plates are subjected
to bearing stresses.
T
T
T
Bearing stresses in plate
68402/61420 Slide # 31
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt
x number of bolts
The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated using equations given by AISC
specifications.
The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated as discussed in tension members.
68402/61420 Slide # 32
AISC Design Provisions
Chapter J of the AISC Specifications focuses on
connections.
Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts
AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum
distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A
distance of 3db is preferred.
AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge
distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the
connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies
minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of
rolled shapes, and gas cut edges.
68402/61420 Slide # 33
AISC Design Provisions
AISC Specification indicates that the maximum edge
distance for bolt holes is 12 times the thickness of the
connected part (but not more than 152 mm). The maximum
spacing for bolt holes is 24 times the thickness of the
thinner part (but not more than 305 mm).
• In Table J3.2, there are different types of bolts A325 and A490.
68402/61420 Slide # 34
AISC Design Provisions
• The shear strength of the bolts depends on whether threads are
included or excluded from the shear planes. If threads are included
in the shear planes then the strength is lower.
p
68402/61420 g Slide # 36
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Calculate and check the design strength of the simple
connection shown below. Is the connection adequate for
carrying the factored load of 300 kN.
10 mm
3/8 in.
A36 5 x ½ mm
120x15
301.25
mm
A36
60 2.50
mm
301.25
mm
65
63kkN
300 k
¾20
in.mm A325-N
bolts
bolts
30 mm
1.25 602.50
mm 1.25
30 mm
68402/61420 Slide # 37
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Step I. Shear strength of bolts
• The design shear strength of one bolt in shear = Fn Ab = 0.75 x
330 x x 202/4000 = 77.8 kN
F A = 77.8 kN per bolt
n b (See Table J3.2)
68402/61420 Slide # 38
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Step II. Minimum edge distance and spacing requirements
• See Table J3.4M, minimum edge distance = 26 mm for rolled
edges of plates
• The given edge distances (30 mm) > 26 mm. Therefore, minimum
edge distance requirements are satisfied.
68402/61420 Slide # 39
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Step III. Bearing strength at bolt holes.
68402/61420 Slide # 40
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
• Therefore, Rn = 216 kN at other holes
68402/61420 Slide # 41
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
• At other holes, s = 60 mm, L = 60 – (20 +1.6) = 38.4 mm.
c
68402/61420 Slide # 42
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Connection Strength
Shear strength = 311.2
Bearing strength (plate) = 622.2 kN
Bearing strength (gusset) = 414.6 kN
P P Fillet weld
Fillet weld
P P
68402/61420 Slide # 44
Introductory Concepts
68402/61420 Slide # 46
Introductory Concepts
• As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a coating
called slag that must be removed before the member is painted or
another pass is made with the electrode.
• Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is the
process universally used for field welds.
For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic process
is usually used. Foremost among these is the submerged
arc welding (SAW),
In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are
submerged in a granular flux that melts and forms a
gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base
metal than with shielded metal arc welding, and higher
strength results.
68402/61420 Slide # 47
Introductory Concepts
Other commonly used processes for shop welding are
gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc, and electro-slag
welding.
Quality control of welded connections is particularly
difficult, because defects below the surface, or even minor
flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders
must be properly certified, and for critical work, special
inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic
testing must be used.
68402/61420 Slide # 48
Introductory Concepts
The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld
and the groove weld. Fillet weld examples: lap joint – fillet
welds placed in the corner formed by two plates
Tee joint – fillet welds placed at the intersection of two
plates.
Groove welds – deposited in a gap or groove between two
parts to be connected
e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared)
edges
Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or
both sides with or without edge preparation.
68402/61420 Slide # 49
Welded Connections
Classification of welds
• According to type of weld
68402/61420 Slide # 51
Weld Limit States
The only limit state of the weld metal in a
connection is that of fracture
68402/61420 Slide # 52
Design of Welded Connections
Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.
Weld sizes are specified in 1 mm increments
A fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in shear,
compression, or tension. However, it always fails in
shear.
The shear failure of the fillet weld occurs along a plane
through the throat of the weld, as shown in the Figure
below.
68402/61420 Slide # 53
Design of Welded Connections
hypotenuse
L
Throat = a x cos45o
a = 0.707 a
a
root Failure Plane
68402/61420 Slide # 54
Design of Welded Connections
Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P
P
= fv = If the ultimate shear strength of the weld = fw
0.707 a L w
Rn = f w 0.707 a L w
Rn = 0.75 f w 0.707 a L w i.e., factor = 0.75
fw = shear strength of the weld metal is a function of the
electrode used in the SMAW process.
• The tensile strength of the weld electrode can be 413, 482, 551, 620,
688, 758, or 827 MPa.
• The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature
E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on. This is the standard terminology
for weld electrodes.
68402/61420 Slide # 55
Design of Welded Connections
• The two digits "XX" denote the type of coating.
XX – type of coating
68402/61420 Slide # 56
Fillet Weld
Stronger in tension and compression than in shear
Convex Concave Unequal leg
Surface Surface fillet weld
Leg Leg
68402/61420 Slide # 57
Fillet Weld Strength
Stress in fillet weld = factored load/eff. throat area
68402/61420 Slide # 58
Design of Welded Connections
Table J2.5 in the AISC Specifications gives the weld design
strength
• fw = 0.60 FEXX
68402/61420 Slide # 59
Design of Welded Connections
For example
T
Plan
Elevation
68402/61420 Slide # 60
Limitations on Weld Dimensions
Minimum size (amin)
• Function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate
• Given in Table J2.4 in the AISC specifications
68402/61420 Slide # 63
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
n e
a
Two types of fillet welds can be used re
pl
ilu
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
e arf
a
h 0.707 a
teff 0.707 a S
• a
AutomaticteffSubmerged Arc– Section
AISC WeldingJ2.2 (SAW)
68402/61420 Slide # 64
Weld Symbols
(American Welding Society AWS)
10 200 Fillet weld on arrow side. Weld’s leg size is 10 mm.
Weld size is given to the left of the weld symbol. Weld
length (200 mm) is given to the right of the symbol
12 75@125
Fillet weld, 12 mm size and 75 mm long intermitten
welds 125 on center, on the far side
6 200
Field fillet welds, 6 mm in size and 200 mm long, both
sides.
10 50@150
Fillet welds on both sides, staggered intermitten 10
mm in size, 50 mm long and 150 mm on center
68402/61420 Slide # 65
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
0.707 a
a
Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of
• Weld material strength
P u _ Weld ( 0.707 a Lweld f w ) Electrode FEXX (MPa)
• P
Base Metal Strength
u _ BM ( tbase Lweld 0.6 FY )
AISC Table J2.5 0.9 Yield Limit State
68402/61420 Slide # 66
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
The weld strength will increase if the
force is not parallel to the weld
P u _ Weld weld 0.707 wLweld 0.6 FExx 1 0.5 sin1.5
Strength
Weld governs
w = weld size
Angle ()
68402/61420 Slide # 68
Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection
system shown below. The tension member is a 100 mm x 10 mm
thick rectangular bar. It is welded to a 15 mm thick gusset plate using
E70XX electrode. Consider the yielding and fracture of the tension
member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the
surrounding base metal. t = 15 mm
a = 6 mm 100 mm x 10 mm
125 mm
12 mm
12 mm
125 mm
68402/61420 Slide # 69
Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
Step I. Check for the limitations on the weld geometry
• tmin = 10 mm (member)
tmax = 15 mm (gusset)
Therefore, amin = 5 mm - AISC Table J2.4
amax = 10 mm – 2 mm = 8 mm - AISC J2.2b page 16.1-95
Fillet weld size = a = 6 mm - Therefore, OK!
68402/61420 Slide # 70
Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
68402/61420 Slide # 71
Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
• Length/weld size = 125/6 = 20.8 - Therefore, maximum effective
length J2.2 b satisfied.
• End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 12 mm
-Therefore, OK!
68402/61420 Slide # 72
Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded
Connection
Rn = 0.75 x Ae x 448 - tension fracture
• Ae = U A
• Ae = Ag = 100 x 10 = 1000 mm
• Therefore, Rn = 336 kN
68402/61420 Slide # 73