SDH Technology

SDH Technology
 The PDH limitations:

 Incompatibility of “standard” equipment from

different vendors
 US and European systems have too little in
common - Expensive mediators for transatlantic
transmission
 No self checking - expensive manual check and
repair system
 No standard for high bandwidth links - proprietary

SDH 2. 29
Introduction
 NOVEMBER 1988...

SDH 3. 29
Introduction
 The main standards
G.707 , G.708 , G709 (G.707 SINCE 03/96)
Transmission rates
Signal format
Multiplexing structures
Tributary mapping for the network node interface

G.781 , G782 , G.783

Operation of synchronous multiplexers

G.784
SDH network management

SDH 4. 29
Introduction
 The SDH Advantages:
 High transmission rates
 Lower level signals embedded and can be
identified from the higher level (much simpler
Add & Drop)
 Optical standard
 Can be introduced into existing networks
 Allowance of European and north American PDH
systems
 Prepared for future applications : HDTV and MAN

SDH 5. 29
Introduction
 More of the SDH Advantages:

 High availability and capacity matching

 Reliability.
 Prepared for future applications:
HDTV \ LAN \ MAN \ ISDN
 Network management channels (the data
used for maintenance is embedded in the
signal)
 Centralized network control enabled
through the management channels
SDH 6. 29
Introduction
 SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

 An international standard for high-speed optical /

electrical telecommunications networks
 A synchronous digital transport system with a
built-in management channel for remote
management of complex topologies

SDH 7. 29
Introduction
 Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces

Tributaries

1.5 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
6 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
45 Mb/s
140 Mb/s Aggregates
STM-1 Electrical
STM-1 Optical
STM-4 Optical STM-1 155 Mb/s
LAN / MAN STM-4 622 Mb/s
FDDI
STM-16 2.4 Gb/s
ISDN / BISDN
STM-64 10 Gb/s
ATM
Video

SDH 8. 29
Introduction
 SDH Equipment
TERMINAL ADD-and-DROP
MULTIPLEXER MULTIPLEXER

STM-n STM-n
ADM
E1-E4
STM-n
TM
REGENERATOR E1-E4

STM-m STM-n

STM-n STM-n
REG

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL ADD-and-DROP MULTIPLEXER with

CROSS-CONNECT LOCAL CROSS-CONNECT
E1-E4 CAPABILITY

STM-n STM-n STM-n STM-n

SDXC LXC

E1-E4
STM-n STM-m
STM-n

SDH 9. 29
Introduction
 Network Topologies
Chain

Mesh
Point-to-Point

Ring

Star (Hub)
Terminal Multiplexer Add-Drop Multiplexer
Digital Cross-Connect
SDH 10. 29
Introduction
 Network Management

Site 3

SDH
Site 2 Multiplexer Site 4
Network

Site 1 Management
Gateway

Ethernet
Station
SDH 11. 29
Introduction
 Management Functions

 Alarm / Event Management

 Configuration Management

 Performance Management

 Access and Security Management

SDH 12. 29
Introduction
 SDH Network Segments

Multiplexer Multiplexer
Section Section

Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator

Section Section Section

Tributaries
Tributaries

SDH SDH SDH

Terminal Add & Drop Terminal
Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer
SDH SDH
Regenerator Regenerator

Traffic Disassembly
Traffic Assembly
Path

SDH 13. 29
Introduction
 Protection Schemes

Section Path
Protection Protection

main:
protection:

SDH 14. 29
Introduction
 Multiplexing Process – Step By Step

TU p.

Staffing Bytes
POH
x

E1
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
RS 3
Path Overhead

AU-4 P. VC-4
x
TUG-3
x3 7

MS

Example for multiplexing 2Mb/s tributary

into STM-1 level
SDH 15. 29
Introduction
 Multiplexing Structure
139.264 Mb/s
xN x1
STM-n
STM-n AUG
AUG AU-4
AU-4* VC-4
VC-4 C-4
C-4
x3 x1
TUG-3
TUG-3 TU-3
TU-3* VC-3
VC-3 44.736 Mb/s
x3 34.368 Mb/s
AU-3
AU-3* VC-3
VC-3 C-3
C-3

x7 x7 6.312 Mb/s
* Pointer Processing x1
Multiplexing TUG-2
TUG-2 TU-2
TU-2* VC-2
VC-2 C-2
C-2
Aligning
Mapping
2.048 Mb/s
x3
AUG Administrative Unit Group TU-12
TU-12 VC-12
VC-12 C-12
C-12
AU Administrative Unit *
TUG Tributary Unit Group
TU Tributary Unit 1.544 Mb/s
x4
VC Virtual Container
TU-11
TU-11 VC-11
VC-11 C-11
C-11
C Container *
SDH 16. 29
Introduction
 Signal Structure

F F N x M Bytes F F

M Columns

F B B
B B
N x M Bytes
1 N Rows

Order of
2 transmission
B B

SDH 17. 29
Introduction
 STM-1 Frame Structure
9 Bytes 261 Bytes

1 Regenerator
Section
2
Overhead
3 (RSOH)
4 AU Pointer
5 P a y l o a d
Multiplexer
6 Section
7 Overhead
(MSOH)
8
9

270 Columns (Bytes)

9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits / byte x 8000 f/s = 155.52 Mb/s
SDH 18. 29
Introduction
 STM-1 Virtual Container (VC-4)

Serial Signal Stream

F 155.52 Mb/s F F F

Section
9 Rows

Path Overhead
Overhead
Payload Capacity = 149.76 Mb/s
Designed for 140 Mb/s transport

1 260
SDH Column Columns
19. 29
Introduction
 Tributary Unit Frame Structure
F 155.52 Mb/s F Serial Signal F Stream F

Overhead
Path Overhead
Section
9 Rows

Tributary
STM-1
Unit Frame Payload
area

261
Columns
SDH 20. 29
Introduction
 Tributary Unit Frame Structure
F 155.52 Mb/s F Serial F
Signal Stream F

Overhead
Path Overhead
TU Pointer
Section
9 Rows

VC Path
Overhead
Virtual
Container
Low-rate
Tributary Container
Signal

261
Columns
SDH 21. 29
Introduction
 Different Sizes of Tributary Unit Frames
TU pointers area
9 R o w s TU-11 TU-12 TU-2 TU-3

3 4 12 86
columns columns columns columns
1.728 Mb/s 2.304 Mb/s 6.912 Mb/s 49.54 Mb/s
Optimized for
N. American European N. American N. American
DS1 signal signal DS2 signal DS3 signal
(1.544 Mb/s) (2.048 Mb/s) (6.312 Mb/s) (44.736 Mb/s)
Will also carry a
European signal
(34.368 Mb/s)
SDH 22. 29
Introduction
 TU-xx Numbering System

TU-3
TU-12
1-4-2 3

TU-2
2-4
SDH 23. 29
Introduction
 Synchronous Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing

STM-1
Signal “A” t = timing rate
STM-1
Signal “B” Byte-
Interleaved 
STM-1 Multiplexer
Signal “C”
STM-4
(4 * STM-1)
STM-1
Signal “D”
Denotes 8-bit Byte Denotes 8-bit Byte
At STM-1 Signal Rate At STM-4 Signal Rate

SDH 24. 29
Introduction
 STM-4 Frame Structure
Serial Signal Stream 125 sec.
STM-1 “A”
F F F

STM-1 “B”

Byte-
Interleaved 9720 Bytes / Frame 9 Rows
STM-1 “C”
Multiplexer

STM-1 “D”
36 columns 1044 columns
9 Rows Interleaved 4 Interleaved VC-4s
Section
Overhead
9 columns 261 columns
SOH VC-4
9720 (270 * 9 * 4 Bytes / Frame) x 8 (Bits / Byte) x 8000 f/s = 622.08 Mb/s
SDH 25. 29
Introduction
 Overhead Functions

 Define and build the SDH frame structure

 Provide data transportation monitoring
indicators
 Provide alarm state indications
 Enable maintenance activities
 Provide routing functions (protection
switching)

SDH 26. 29
Introduction
 Overhead Detail
Section Overhead Path Overhead
(SOH) (POH)

J0 J1
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
Reg. Sec. Path
Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing
Regenerator Trace Reserved for Trace
E1 national use
Section B1
Order-
F1 B3
Overhead BIP-8 Media M User BIP-8
wire
dependent usage D
(RSOH) D1 (MDU) D2 U D3
C2
Signal
Datacom Datacom Datacom
Label
Administrative G1
H1 H2 H3
Unit AU Pointer AU Pointer AU Pointer
Path
Pointers Status

B2 K1 K2 F2
BIP-24 MPS RDI User
H4
D4 D5 D6
Multi-
Datacom Datacom Datacom
Multiplexer frame
Section D7 D8 D9 F3
Overhead Datacom Datacom Datacom User

(MSOH) D10 D11 D12 K3

Datacom Datacom Datacom APS
S1 E2 N1
Z1 Z2 M1
Synch. Order- Tandem
Growth Growth REI
Quality wire Conn.
SDH 27. 29
Introduction
 STM-4 Section Overhead Byte Structure

36 columns

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0

B1 E1 F1

D1 D2 D3

Administrative Unit Pointer(s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2

Bytes reserved for national use

SDH 28. 29
Introduction